“One of the very best ways to study, and one which has very direct tangible results, is by the aid of printed plates.  Take such a book as Letarouilly’s Edifices de Rome Moderne.  Go to the buildings themselves and compare the drawing with the building; see what drawings on paper really mean when executed; mark up the plate; note the proportion of masses, the size of ornament, the relative proportion of openings, and wall spaces, the effect of color and texture, and the use of material.  Make suggestions for better ornament, proportion, etc., and then go home and make a new design with all the improvements you have noted.

“The reverse of this method is, to sit down in front of the building with T-square and triangle and translate the perspective building back on to paper in elevation.

[Illustration:  XIV.  Detail of the Principal Doorway to the Basilica at Altamura, Italy.]

“These two methods will aid one to tell from a drawing how the building will actually look when executed.  It will give an idea of the scale of ornament, if a cornice looks just the right size on a certain building, the plate will tell you just how high that is.  The T-square sketch is very valuable in cultivating the sense of proportion.  Draw to scale such parts of the sketch as can be easily measured, and put in the remainder in proportion, and make these sketches at the scale at which you are used to working in the office.  They will be of immense advantage in giving you a sense of absolute scale.

“There is such a thing as ‘absolute scale,’ and scale is not simply proportion.  A drawing might be made in good proportion, and the building look well if executed a thousand feet long, and yet lose all its effectiveness if executed but one hundred feet in length, the relative proportions of the parts remaining the same.  It is a fact that certain designs, which look well on paper, will not look well in execution, except at a large scale.  Therefore it is valuable in making a sketch to put on it some of the measurements; and freehand sketches with measurements marked on them have a value in giving absolute scale.

“The back of a photograph is a very convenient place on which to make notes of the building itself, in regard to color, material, suggested changes, etc., and will be very useful in recalling the building to memory.

“Measuring buildings and drawing them out to scale is solid architectural work, and nothing else can take its place.  It gives a realization of the actual size and appearance of things, and brings to notice the stone-jointing, sections of mouldings, vaulting, roofing, and construction in general.  Measured work must be done very accurately, or else the results have no more value than approximate measures on sketches.

“The drawing should be made exactly as the building exists, without any change or improvement, or else the drawing will lose a great deal of its value as a basis for study.  Many of Letarouilly’s are nearly valueless as data for study because he has improved on the original, and thus his drawing does not represent the building as it actually exists.