The savage will think that this is what remains alive after death, for he is incapable of distinguishing between a swoon and death.  Then he will associate the part which leaves the body during a swoon with that which gives life, and some will regard the heart, which fails to beat after death, and others the breath, which ceases when life does, as this life-giving part or soul.

Thus far I am quoting from Spencer.

The conception of the soul, which has thus arisen, has been utilized by astute priests to obtain power over their fellow-men; while the genuine founders of religions have made use of it, and by threats of punishment, and promises of reward, have tried to induce mankind to live uprightly.

With this purpose in view, the teachers of religion have changed the original conception of the soul and have added to it the attribute of absolute immortality and eternal duration, an attribute which is in no way connected by people in a low state of development with their conception of the soul.

At the present time among the religions of all civilized people the undying soul plays an extraordinarily important part.

I start from the position that no doctrine can receive a general acceptation among men which does not depend on a truth of nature.  The various religions agree on one point, and this is the doctrine of the immortal soul.  Such a point of universal agreement, I am convinced, cannot have been entirely derived from the air.  It must have had some foundation in fact, and the question arises, What was this foundation?  Dreams and phantasms, as Spencer believes?  No; there must have been something real and genuine, and the path we have entered upon to find traces of this true foundation of the conception of the soul cannot be distrusted.

We must compare the conception of the soul as held by various related religions, and strip off from it all those attributes which are not common to all.  But those which all the various religions agree in ascribing to the soul we may regard as its true attributes.

It would take too long to go into the details of this examination of the conception of the soul.  As the general result of a comparison of the various views of the soul we may put down the following characteristics which are invariably ascribed to it: 

    (1) The soul is living.

    (2) It survives the body, and can continue to exist without
    it.

    (3) During life it is contained in the body, but leaves it
    after death.

    (4) The soul participates in the conduct of the body:  after
    the death of the latter, causality (retribution) can still
    affect the soul.

The characteristics (1) to (3) hold also for the series of reproductive cells continually developing within the body; and these attributes of the germ cells may well be the true but unrecognized cause of the origin of those conceptions of the soul’s character.