hands, and they devolved a considerable share of their power upon their favorite; and the only use he made of this power was, to plunge those who gave it into slavery.  Accident restored their liberty, and the same good fortune produced men of uncommon abilities and uncommon virtues amongst them.  But these abilities were suffered to be of little service either to their possessors or to the state.  Some of these men, for whose sakes alone we read their history, they banished; others they imprisoned, and all they treated with various circumstances of the most shameful ingratitude.  Republics have many things in the spirit of absolute monarchy, but none more than this.  A shining merit is ever hated or suspected in a popular assembly, as well as in a court; and all services done the state are looked upon as dangerous to the rulers, whether sultans or senators.  The ostracism at Athens was built upon this principle.  The giddy people whom we have now under consideration, being elated with some flashes of success, which they owed to nothing less than any merit of their own, began to tyrannize over their equals, who had associated with them for their common defence.  With their prudence they renounced all appearance of justice.  They entered into wars rashly and wantonly.  If they were unsuccessful, instead of growing wiser by their misfortune, they threw the whole blame of their own misconduct on the ministers who had advised, and the generals who had conducted, those wars; until by degrees they had cut off all who could serve them in their councils or their battles.  If at any time these wars had a happier issue, it was no less difficult to deal with them on account of their pride and insolence.  Furious in their adversity, tyrannical in their successes, a commander had more trouble to concert his defence before the people, than to plan the operations of the campaign.  It was not uncommon for a general, under the horrid despotism of the Roman emperors, to be ill received in proportion to the greatness of his services.  Agricola is a strong instance of this.  No man had done greater things, nor with more honest ambition.  Yet, on his return to court, he was obliged to enter Rome with all the secrecy of a criminal.  He went to the palace, not like a victorious commander who had merited and might demand the greatest rewards, but like an offender who had come to supplicate a pardon for his crimes.  His reception was answerable; “Exceptusque brevi osculo et nullo sermone, turbae servientium immixtus est.”  Yet in that worst season of this worst of monarchical[9] tyrannies, modesty, discretion, and a coolness of temper, formed some kind of security, even for the highest merit.  But at Athens, the nicest and best studied behavior was not a sufficient guard for a man of great capacity.  Some of their bravest commanders were obliged to fly their country, some to enter into the service of its enemies, rather than abide a popular determination on their conduct, lest, as one of them said, their giddiness might make the people condemn where they meant to acquit; to throw in a black bean even when they intended a white one.