Examples.

1.  Queen.  Hamlet, you have your father much offended. 
   Hamlet.  Madam, you have my father much offended.

2.  They offer us their protec’tion.  Yes’, such protection as vultures give
   to lambs, covering and devouring them.

3.  I knew when seven justices could not make up a quarrel; but when the parties met themselves, one of them thought but of an if; as, If you said so, then I said so; O ho! did you say so!  So they shook hands and were sworn brothers.

Remarks.—­In the first example, the emphasis is that of contrast.  The queen had poisoned her husband, of which she incorrectly supposed her son ignorant, and she blames him for treating his father-in-law with disrespect.  In his reply, Hamlet contrasts her deep crime with his own slight offense, and the circumflex upon “you” becomes proper.

In the second example the emphasis is ironical.  The Spaniards pretended that they would protect the Peruvians if they would submit to them, whereas it was evident that they merely desired to plunder and destroy them.  Thus their protection is ironically called “such protection as vultures give to lambs,” etc.

In the third example, the word “so” is used hypothetically; that is, it implies a condition or supposition.  It will be observed that the rising circumflex is used in the first “so,” and the falling, in the second, because the first “so” must end with the rising inflection and the second with the falling inflection, according to previous rules.

MONOTONE.

When no word in a sentence receives an inflection, it is said to be read in a monotone; that is, in nearly the same tone throughout.  This uniformity of tone is occa-sionally adopted, and is fitted to express solemnity or sublimity of idea, and sometimes intensity of feeling.  It is used, also, when the whole sentence or phrase is emphatic.  In books of elocution, when it is marked at all, it is generally marked thus (—–­), as in the lines following.

Examples.

Hence! loathed melancholy! 
Where brooding darkness spreads her jealous wings,
And the night raven sings;
There, under ebon shades and low-browed rocks,
As ragged as thy locks,
In deep Cimmerian darkness ever dwell.

IV.  ACCENT.

In every word which contains more than one syllable, one of the syllables is pronounced with a somewhat greater stress of voice than the others.  This syllable is said to be accented.  The accented syllable is distinguished by this mark (’), the same which is used in inflections.

Examples.

Love’ly,      re-turn’,      re-mem’ber,
Con’stant,    re-main’,      a-sun’der,
Mem’ber,      a-bide’,       a-ban’don,
Win’dow,      a-tone’,       rec-ol-lect’,
Ban’ner,      a-lone’,       re-em-bark’,

Remark.—­In most cases custom is the only guide for placing the accent on one syllable rather than another.  Sometimes, however, the same word is differently accented in order to mark its different meanings.