ANALYSIS

CHAPTER I. THE GROUNDS OF UNITY

The appeal to history.  Previous great schisms in Europe which have been surmounted give hope for the present.  The Reformation.  The Napoleonic Wars.

The two points of view, (1) Man’s nature itself tending to unity through conflict. (2) The stages in the process developed in history.

In pre-history conflict and diversity are predominant, though the necessities of life prescribe certain uniformities.  Consolidation comes in favoured physical conditions, especially great river-basins like the Nile and the Euphrates.

The possibility of a world-unity first consciously envisaged in the Greco-Roman world.  Greece gives unity in thought, Rome in practice.  Order with a solid intellectual foundation established with the Roman Empire.  In the mediaeval world a unity mainly spiritual is reached in the same framework.  The position of Germany in this development.  The break-up of the fourteenth and fifteenth century.  The enlargement of the known world and the growth of wealth and knowledge.  This crisis still continues and has been recently accentuated by the birth-throes of nationalities.  The supreme problem for international unity is now the reconciliation of national units with the interests of the whole.  Underneath the superficial turmoil the great unifying forces of science and of common sentiments continue to grow and will ultimately prevail.

CHAPTER II.  UNITY IN PREHISTORIC TIMES

Retrospect of the search for unity in man’s affairs, in its political and scientific bearings.

The Unity of Man as an Animal Species.  Ancient beliefs, doubts suggested by the practice of slavery, their solution, and the modern conception of a ‘Human Family’.

The unity of man as a rational animal struggling against nature for subsistence.  Archaeological evidence as to the reasonableness of primitive culture on its material side; doubts raised by man’s irrational ‘barbarities’ on the social plane.  Levy Bruhl’s hypothesis of a ‘savage logic’ and the Greek analysis of wrongdoing as rooted in ignorance.

Man’s struggle with Nature in the N.W.  Quadrant of the Old World.  Unity here not to be found in the Food Quest.  Prehistoric Europe shows variety of regimens, hoe-agriculture, pastoral nomadism.  The wheel and the plough and the composite bread and cheese culture.

Race, Language, and Culture as Factors of Unity.  The spread of the European Bread Culture is earlier than that of Indo-European Speech and probably than that of the ‘Alpine’ type of man.  Race in Europe has led not to unity but to discord, and linguistic affinity does not ensure mutual intelligibility.

CHAPTER III.  THE CONTRIBUTION OF GREECE AND ROME