[39] See description of this incident, and illustration presenting a view of the image (which is still in existence), in Vol.  II of this series, pp. 120, 217.

[40] See Loraca’s account of the beliefs of the Moros, Vol.  V, pp. 171-175.

[41] An account of the festivities held in Manila in 1623 on the occasion of the accession of Philip IV to the Spanish crown, includes the mention of bull-fights.  The festivities were attended by the entire town, civil and political.  This account, which contains valuable social observations, is an extract from a manuscript owned by the Compania general Tabacos de Filipinas, Barcelona, and was published privately (1903) in an edition of 25 copies by Senor Don Jose Sanchez Garrigos.  It will be presented in this series, if space will permit.

[42] These winds are known as baguios or tifones (English “typhoons").  See full account of them, with diagrams, tables, etc. (prepared largely from data and reports furnished by the Jesuit fathers in the Manila observatory), in U.S.  Philippine Commission’s Report, 1901, iv, pp. 290-344.

[43] Diego Vazquez de Mercado, later archbishop of Manila.—­Pablo Pastells, S.J.

[44] Regarding this sharpening of the teeth, see Virchow’s “Peopling of the Philippines” (Mason’s translation), in Smithsonian Institution’s Annual Report, 1899, pp. 523, 524.  Jagor says—­Travels in the Philippines (London, 1875), p. 256:  “The further circumstance that the inhabitants of the Ladrones and the Bisayans possess the art of coloring their teeth black, seems to point to early intercourse between the Bisayans and the Polynesians.”  The Jesuit Delgado mentions—­Hist. de Filipinas (Manila, 1892), p. 328—­the custom of adorning the teeth with gold.  Cf.  Sawyer’s Inhabitants of Philippines, p. 342.

[45] In the margin (p. 9), are various references to authors.  “Book 7, chap. 2 and 56; and book 16, chap. 36,” probably refers to the Naturalis historia of the elder Pliny.  “Ludovic.  Vartom.  Nauigat. lib. 5. cap. 12,” refers to book 5, chap. 12 of the Itinerario of Lodovico Barthema (Roma, 1510).  Another reference is to Thomas Malvenda’s De Antichristo, book 3, chap. 12.

The word for “cane” here used is the Tagal name for several species of the bamboo (Bambus), the largest and most useful being B. arundo.  Both this and the bejuco (Calamus) were commonly mentioned under the general term canas ("canes,” or “reeds,"):  and not only the bejuco, but one species of bamboo (B. mitis) yields clear water as a beverage for man’s use.  See Blanco’s Flora, pp. 187-189.

[46] A marginal note (p. 9) opposite this line cites “book 13, chap. 11,” presumably of the same work that is mentioned in the preceding note.

[47] The palmo was a measure of length used in Spain and Italy, varying from eight and one-third to ten and one-third inches.