[28] Spanish, reformados; literally “reformed,” but referring to those who belong to religious houses of strict discipline.

[29] A royal decree dated at Barcelona, June 13, 1599, orders the governor and Audiencia of the Filipinas to take suitable measures for restricting the number of Chinese allowed to live in Manila, or in other parts of the islands.  The copy of this decree preserved in the Sevilla archives contains also an extract from a letter to Acuna (dated November 29, 1603) in which he is thus directed by the king:  “You have been informed by other despatches of the difficulties (which had been pointed out to the said Don Francisco [Tello] and other persons) arising from the number of Sangleys who have remained in the Parian of that city and its outskirts, so that you might be watchful for the security of the country.  The said Don Francisco writes at present, that having examined into the matter, and conferred upon it, he finds (as at that time appeared best) that the most expedient way was to continue the measure that has been taken since he entered upon that governorship—­namely, that the ships which bring the said Chinese be sent back [to China] each year full of people.  In this way they can be removed and the country cleared of them, with more gentleness and kind treatment, as has already been done with many of them.  He thinks that if the captains of the ships are not allowed to carry more than a hundred Sangleys, including sailors and merchants, the desired object will be attained—­that is, that there should not be in the country more than three thousand Sangleys, including craftsmen, gardeners, and workers in all trades.  What seems best to us, and I accordingly so charge you, is to make use of this means, or of others which may appear to you expedient, so that the country may be secure, and have only the Sangleys necessary for its service.”

[30] This Silonga was one of the most noted of the Moro chiefs; he was afterward converted by a Jesuit missionary.  See account of the raid made by Buhisan (Buycan), and of Acuna’s efforts to suppress piracy, in Montero y Vidal’s Hist.  Pirateria, i, pp. 148-152.

[31] Pedro Chirino was born in 1557 in Osuna of Andalucia.  He graduated in both civil and canon law at Sevilla, and entered the Society of Jesus at the age of twenty-three.  Having been appointed to the mission in the Filipinas in place of Father Alonso Sanchez, he arrived there in 1590 with the new governor, Gomez Perez Dasmarinas.  He acted as missionary to the Tagalos and the Pintados, and was superior of the Jesuit colleges at Manila and Cebu.  He cultivated the friendship of Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa, whom he advised to found the college of San Ignacio and the seminary of San Jose in Manila.  On July 7, 1602, he left Cavite for Acapulco by the vessel “San Antonio” with appointment by Visitor Diego Garcia as procurator of the mission, in order to take immediate action in