and commands all hearts.  It is true, that upon those occasions men of ambition endeavour, for their own purposes, to spread the flame of sedition; while the good and virtuous combine their force to quell the turbulent, and repel the menaces of a foreign enemy.  Liberty gains new strength by the conflict, and the true patriot has the glory of serving his country, distinguished by his valour in the field, and in debate no less terrible by his eloquence.

14.  Hence it is that in free governments we see a constellation of orators.  Hence Demosthenes displayed the powers of his amazing genius, and acquired immortal honour.  He saw a quick and lively people, dissolved in luxury, open to the seductions of wealth, and ready to submit to a master; he saw a great and warlike monarch threatening destruction to the liberties of his country; he saw that prince at the head of powerful armies, renowned for victory, possessed of an opulent treasury, formidable in battle, and, by his secret arts, still more so in the cabinet; he saw that king, inflamed by ambition and the lust of dominion, determined to destroy the liberties of Greece.  It was that alarming crisis that called forth the powers of Demosthenes.  Armed with eloquence, and with eloquence only, he stood as a bulwark against a combination of enemies foreign and domestic.  He roused his countrymen from their lethargy:  he kindled the holy flame of liberty; he counteracted the machinations of Philip, detected his clandestine frauds, and fired the men of Athens with indignation.  To effect these generous purposes, and defeat the policy of a subtle enemy, what powers of mind were necessary! how vast, how copious, how sublime!  He thundered and lightened in his discourse; he faced every danger with undaunted resolution.  Difficulties served only to inspire him with new ardour.  The love of his country glowed in his heart; liberty roused all his powers, and Fame held forth her immortal wreath to reward his labours.  These were the fine incentives that roused his genius, and no wonder that his mind expanded with vast conceptions.  He thought for his country, and, by consequence, every sentiment was sublime; every expression was grand and magnificent.

XXXVI.  The true spirit of genuine eloquence [a], like an intense fire, is kept alive by fresh materials:  every new commotion gives it vigour, and in proportion as it burns, it expands and brightens to a purer flame.  The same causes at Rome produced the same effect.  Tempestuous times called forth the genius of our ancestors.  The moderns, it is true, have taken fire, and rose above themselves, as often as a quiet, settled, and uniform government gave a fair opportunity; but eloquence, it is certain, flourishes most under a bold and turbulent democracy, where the ambitious citizen, who best can mould to his purposes a fierce and contentious multitude, is sure to be the idol of the people.  In the conflict of parties, that kept our ancestors in agitation, laws were multiplied; the leading chiefs were the favourite demagogues; the magistrates were often engaged in midnight debate; eminent citizens were brought to a public trial; families were set at variance; the nobles were split into factions, and the senate waged incessant war against the people.  Hence that flame of eloquence which blazed out under the republican government, and hence that constant fuel that kept the flame alive.