no knowledge of the laws is heard; our municipal policy is wholly neglected, and even the decrees of the senate are treated with contempt and derision.  Moral philosophy is discarded, and the maxims of ancient wisdom are unworthy of their notice.  In this manner, eloquence is dethroned; she is banished from her rightful dominions, and obliged to dwell in the cold regions of antithesis, forced conceit, and pointed sentences.  The consequence is, that she, who was once the sovereign mistress of the sciences, and led them as handmaids in her train, is now deprived of her attendants, reduced, impoverished, and, stripped of her usual honours (I might say of her genius), compelled to exercise a mere plebeian art.

And now, my friends, I think I have laid open the efficient cause of the decline of eloquence.  Need I call witnesses to support my opinion?  I name Demosthenes among the Greeks.  He, we are assured, constantly attended [a] the lectures of Plato.  I name Cicero among the Romans:  he tells us (I believe I can repeat his words), that if he attained any degree of excellence, he owed it, not so much to the precepts of rhetoricians, as to his meditations in the walks of the academic school.  I am aware that other causes of our present degeneracy may be added; but that task I leave to my friends, since I now may flatter myself that I have performed my promise.  In doing it, I fear, that, as often happens to me, I have incurred the danger of giving offence.  Were a certain class of men to hear the principles which I have advanced in favour of legal knowledge and sound philosophy, I should expect to be told that I have been all the time commending my own visionary schemes.

XXXIII.  You will excuse me, replied Maternus, if I take the liberty to say that you have by no means finished your part of our enquiry.  You seem to have spread your canvas, and to have touched the outlines of your plan; but there are other parts that still require the colouring of so masterly a hand.  The stores of knowledge, with which the ancients enlarged their minds, you have fairly explained, and, in contrast to that pleasing picture, you have given us a true draught of modern ignorance.  But we now wish to know, what were the exercises, and what the discipline, by which the youth of former times prepared themselves for the honours of their profession.  It will not, I believe, be contended, that theory, and systems of art, are of themselves sufficient to form a genuine orator.  It is by practice, and by constant exertion, that the faculty of speech improves, till the genius of the man expands, and flourishes in its full vigour.  This, I think, you will not deny, and my two friends, if I may judge by their looks, seem to give their assent.  Aper and Secundus agreed without hesitation.