[Footnote 25:  A. Weismann, Essays on Heredity, Vol.  I, “The Duration of Life,” has shown that size and longevity are determined by natural selection.]

[Footnote 26:  Darwin, Descent of Man, chap. 8.]

[Footnote 27:  Ibid.]

[Footnote 28:  A.R.  Wallace, Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection, chap. 3.]

[Footnote 29:  “If we take the highly decorated species—­that is, animals marked by alternate dark or light bands or spots, such as the zebra, some deer, or the carnivora—­we find, first, that the region of the spinal column is marked by a dark stripe; secondly, that the regions of the appendages, or limbs, are differently marked; thirdly, that the flanks are striped or spotted along or between the regions of the lines of the ribs; fourthly, that the shoulder and hip regions are marked by curved lines; fifthly, that the pattern changes, and the direction of the lines or spots, at the head, neck, and every joint of the limbs; and, lastly, that the tips of the ears, nose, tail, and the feet and the eye are emphasized in color.  In spotted animals the greatest length of the spot is generally in the direction of the largest development of the skeleton.”—­A.  Tylor, Coloration in Animals and Plants, p. 92.]

[Footnote 30:  A.R.  Wallace, Darwinism, chap. 10.]

[Footnote 31:  Professor Carl Pearson, in a severe, not to say unmannerly, paper ("Variation in Man and Woman,” The Chances of Death, Vol.  I), has criticized some of the results of the physical anthropologists and attempted to show that the theory of the greater variability of man has no legs to stand on.  His argument is mainly statistical, and affects, perhaps, some of the details of the theory, but not, I think, the theory as a whole.]

[Footnote 32:  Darwin, loc. cit., chap. 19.]

[Footnote 33:  P. Topinard, Elements d’anthropologie generale, p. 253.]

[Footnote 34:  Delaunay, loc. cit.]

[Footnote 35:  Weisbach, “Der deutsche Weiberschadel,” Archiv fuer Anthropologie, Vol.  III, p. 66.]

[Footnote 36:  Topinard, loc. cit., p. 375.]

[Footnote 37:  Topinard, loc. cit., p. 1066.]

[Footnote 38:  Topinard’s figures (loc. cit., p. 1066) show, however, that the Eskimos and the Tasmanians have a shorter trunk than the Europeans.]

[Footnote 39:  J. Ranke, “Beitraege zur physischen Anthropologie der Bayern,” Beitraege zur Anthropologie und Urgeschichte Bayerns, Vol.  VIII, p. 65.]

[Footnote 40:  Morphological differences are less in low than in high races, and the less civilized the race, the less is the physical difference of the sexes.  In the higher races the men are both more unlike one another than in the lower races, and at the same time more unlike the women of their own race.  But, while some of these differences may probably be justly set down as congenital, as representing varieties of the species which have passed through different variational experiences, they are doubtless mainly due to the fact that the activities of men and women are more unlike in the higher than in the lower races.]