But let that persecution pass.  It is no worse than other persecutions, either in Catholic or Protestant ranks.  It was no worse than burning witches.  Not only is intolerance in human nature, but there is a repugnance among the learned to receive new opinions when these interfere with their ascendancy.  The opposition to Galileo’s discoveries was no greater than that of the Protestant Church, half a century ago, to some of the inductions of geology.  How bitter the hatred, even in our times, to such men as Huxley and Darwin!  True, they have not proved their theories as Galileo did; but they gave as great a shock as he to the minds of theologians.  All science is progressive, yet there are thousands who oppose its progress.  And if learning and science should establish a different meaning to certain texts from which theological deductions are drawn, and these premises be undermined, there would be the same bitterness among the defenders of the present system of dogmatic theology.  Yet theology will live, and never lose its dignity and importance; only, some of its present assumptions may be discarded.  God will never be dethroned from the world he governs; but some of his ways may appear to be different from what was once supposed.  And all science is not only progressive, but it appears to be bold and scornful and proud,—­at least its advocates are and ever have been contemptuous of all other departments of knowledge but its own.  So narrow and limited is the human mind in the midst of its triumphs.  So full of prejudices are even the learned and the great.

Let us turn then to give another glance at the fallen philosopher in his final retreat at Arceti.  He lives under restrictions.  But they allow him leisure and choice wines, of which he is fond, and gardens and friends; and many come to do him reverence.  He amuses his old age with the studies of his youth and manhood, and writes dialogues on Motion, and even discovers the phenomena of the moon’s libration; and by means of the pendulum he gives additional importance to astronomical science.  But he is not allowed to leave his retirement, not even to visit his friends in Florence.  The wrath of the Inquisition still pursues him, even in his villa at Arceti in the suburbs of Florence.  Then renewed afflictions come.  He loses his daughter, who was devoted to him; and her death nearly plunges him into despair.  The bulwarks of his heart break down; a flood of grief overwhelms his stricken soul.  His appetite leaves him; his health forsakes him; his infirmities increase upon him.  His right eye loses its power,—­that eye that had seen more of the heavens than the eyes of all who had gone before him.  He becomes blind and deaf, and cannot sleep, afflicted with rheumatic pains and maladies forlorn.  No more for him is rest, or peace, or bliss; still less the glories of his brighter days,—­the sight of glittering fields, the gems of heaven, without which