nod; he sleeps in the luxurious apartment of the fiscal of that dreaded body; he is even liberated on the responsibility of a cardinal; he is permitted to lodge in the palace of the ambassador; he is allowed time to make his defence:  those holy Inquisitors would not unnecessarily harm a hair of his head.  Nor was it probably their object to inflict bodily torments:  these would call out sympathy and degrade the tribunal.  It was enough to threaten these torments, to which they did not wish to resort except in case of necessity.  There is no evidence that Galileo was personally tortured.  He was indeed a martyr, but not a sufferer except in humiliated pride.  Probably the object of his enemies was to silence him, to degrade him, to expose his name to infamy, to arrest the spread of his doctrines, to bow his old head in shame, to murder his soul, to make him stab himself, and be his own executioner, by an act which all posterity should regard as unworthy of his name and cause.

After a fitting time has elapsed,—­four months of dignified session,—­the mind of the Holy Tribunal is made up.  Its judgment is ready.  On the 22d of June, 1633, the prisoner appears in penitential dress at the convent of Minerva, and the presiding cardinal, in his scarlet robes, delivers the sentence of the Court,—­that Galileo, as a warning to others, and by way of salutary penance, be condemned to the formal prison of the Holy Office, and be ordered to recite once a week the seven Penitential Psalms for the benefit of his soul,—­apparently a light sentence, only to be nominally imprisoned a few days, and to repeat those Psalms which were the life of blessed saints in mediaeval times.  But this was nothing.  He was required to recant, to abjure the doctrines he had taught; not in private, but publicly before the world.  Will he recant?  Will he subscribe himself an imposter?  Will he abjure the doctrines on which his fame rests?  Oh, tell it not in Gath!  The timid, infirm, life-loving old patriarch of science falls.  He is not great enough for martyrdom.  He chooses shame.  In an evil hour this venerable sage falls down upon his knees before the assembled cardinals, and reads aloud this recantation:  “I, Galileo Galilei, aged seventy, on my knees before you most reverend lords, and having my eye on the Holy gospel, which I do touch with my lips, thus publish and declare, that I believe, and always have believed, and always will believe every article which the Holy Catholic Roman Church holds and teaches.  And as I have written a book in which I have maintained that the sun is the centre, which doctrine is repugnant to the Holy Scriptures, I, with sincere heart and unfeigned faith, do abjure and detest, and curse the said error and heresy, and all other errors contrary to said Holy Church, whose penance I solemnly swear to observe faithfully, and all other penances which have been or shall be laid upon me.”