[Footnote 193:  E. Naville in his Essay on the Land of Goshen, being the fifth Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund, 1887, comes to the conclusion that the land of Goshen comprised the triangle formed by Bilbais, Zakazig, and Tel-el-Kebir.  He is of opinion that the land of Ramses included the land of Goshen, and is that part of the Delta which lies to the eastward of the Tanitic branch of the Nile.  The capital of the province—­the Egyptian nome of Arabia—­was the Phakusa of the Greeks.  A small railway station is now on the spot, which bears the name Ramses.  Cf.  Gen. xlvii. 11.]

[Footnote 194:  Ain-al-Shams was situated three parasangs from Fostat, according to Jacut (III, 762), who records that in his day the place showed many traces of buildings from Pharaoh’s time.  Benha is now a somewhat important railway station about thirty miles north of Cairo.  Muneh Sifte is a station on the Damietta arm of the Nile.]

[Footnote 195:  Samnu is perhaps Samnat, Dukmak, V, 20.  On Damira see Schechter, Saadyana, p. 82; Worman, J.Q.R., XVIII, 10.  The zoologist Damiri was born here.  Lammanah in the other versions is Mahallat or Mehallet-el-Kebir, mentioned by Abulfeda as a large city with many monuments, and is now a railway station between Tanta and Mansura.  Sambari (119, 10) mentions a synagogue there, to which Jews even now make pilgrimages (Goldziher, Z.D.P.G., vol.  XXVIII, p. 153).]

[Footnote 196:  In the Middle Ages certain biblical names were without valid reason applied to noted places.  No-Ammon mentioned in Scripture (Jer. xlvi. 25 and Nahum iii. 8), also in cuneiform inscriptions, was doubtless ancient Thebes.  See Robinson, Biblical Researches, vol.  I, p. 542.  Another notable example is the application of the name of Zoan to Cairo.  Ancient Tanis (p. 78) was probably Zoan, and we are told (Num. xiii. 22) that Zoan was built seven years after Hebron.  It can be traced as far back as the sixth dynasty—­over 2,000 years before Cairo was founded.]

[Footnote 197:  Josephus, who had the opportunity of seeing the Pharos before it was destroyed, must likewise have exaggerated when he said that the lighthouse threw its rays a distance of 300 stadia.  Strabo describes the Pharos of Alexandria, which was considered one of the wonders of the world.  As the coast was low and there were no landmarks, it proved of great service to the city.  It was built of white marble, and on the top there blazed a huge beacon of logs saturated with pitch.  Abulfeda alludes to the large mirror which enabled the lighthouse keepers to detect from a great distance the approach of the enemy.  He further mentions that the trick by which the mirror was destroyed took place in the first century of Islamism, under the Caliph Valyd, the son of Abd-almalek.]

[Footnote 198:  It will be seen that the list of names given in our text is much