[Footnote 4:  The imposing ruins at Tarragona comprise prehistoric walls of enormous unhewn blocks of stone, as well as the remains of Roman aqueducts, tombs, amphitheatres, &c.  Here and generally in this narrative the letter R is used as an abbreviation for Rabbi.]

     [Footnote 5:  See Graetz, Geschichte der Juden, vol.  VI,
     pp. 230 et seq.; also notes 1 and 10 at the end of vol.  VI.]

     [Footnote 6:  The ancient name of Gerona was Gerunda.]

[Footnote 7:  See Geiger’s Juedische Zeitschrift fuer Wissenschaft und Leben, p. 281.  The Records of Narbonne bear evidence of sales of lands standing in the name of R. Kalonymos (Archives Israelites, 1861, p. 449).  His ancestor, R. Machir, came to Europe in the time of Charlemagne.]

[Footnote 8:  R. Abraham ben Isaac (Rabad II) was author of the Rabbinic code; Ha-Eshkol, and was one of the intermediaries between the Talmudists of France and the Scholars of Spain.  He died 1178.]

     [Footnote 9:  A parasang is about 3-2/5 English miles, and
     the distance from Narbonne to Beziers is correctly given. 10
     parasangs make a day’s journey.]

     [Footnote 10:  The King of Portugal is even now styled King
     of the Algarves.]

[Footnote 11:  Cf.  Graetz, VI, p. 240, also Joseph Jacob’s Angevin Jews, p. 111.  R. Asher was one of a group of pious Rabbis known as Perushim—­who might be styled Jewish monks.  His father, Rabbenu Meshullam, died 1170.]

     [Footnote 12:  He is referred to in Tosafoth Temurah, fol.
     12a and b.]

     [Footnote 13:  This eminent Talmudist, known as the Rabad,
     was son-in-law of the R. Abraham of Narbonne before referred
     to.  See Graetz, VI, 243.]

[Footnote 14:  The Abbey of St. Aegidius was much resorted to in the Middle Ages.  The Jews of Beaucaire, and the neighbourhood, enjoyed the patronage of Raymond V, Count of Toulouse, called by the Troubadour poets “the good Duke.”  See Graetz, VI, note I, p. 401.  It is impossible to enlarge in these notes upon the several Jewish scholars referred to by Benjamin.  An interesting article by Professor Israel Levi on the “Jews in Mediaeval France,” and other articles, in the Jewish Encyclopaedia, also Gross, Gallia Judaica, might be consulted with advantage.]

     [Footnote 15:  The BM.  MS. calls R. Abba Mari dead, which
     statement, unless qualified, as in a few other instances, by
     the insertion of the word “since,” would be unintelligible.]