people in Europe,—­earnest, honest, and brave.  They formed great kingdoms and states, and became new barriers against fresh inundations from the North and East.  The Saxons formed the nucleus of the great German Empire (or were incorporated with it) which arose in the Middle Ages, and which to-day is the most powerful in Europe, and the least corrupted by the vices of a luxurious life.  The descendants of those Saxons are among the most industrious and useful settlers in the New World.

There was one mistake which Charlemagne made in reference to them.  He forced their conversion to a nominal Christianity.  He immersed them in the rivers of Saxony, whether they would or no.  He would make them Christians in his way.  But then, who does not seek to make converts in his way, whether enlightened or not?  When have the principles of religious toleration been understood?  Did the Puritans understand them, with all their professions?  Do we tolerate, in our hearts, those who differ from us?  Do not men look daggers, though they dare not use them?  If we had the power, would we not seek to produce conformity with our notions, like Queen Elizabeth, or Oliver Cromwell, or Archbishop Laud?  There is not perhaps a village in America where a true catholicism reigns.  There is not a spot upon the globe where there is not some form of religious persecution.  Nor is there any thing more sincere than religious bigotry.  And where people have not fundamental principles to fight about, they will fight about technicalities and matters of no account, and all the more bitterly sometimes when the objects of contention are not worth fighting about at all,—­as in forms of worship, or baptism.  Such is the weakness of human nature.  Charlemagne was no exception to the race.  But if he wished to make Christians in his way, he was, on the whole, enlightened.  He caused the young Saxons, whom he baptized and marked with the sign of the Cross, to be educated.  He built monasteries and churches in the conquered territories.  He recognized this,—­that Christianity, whatever it be, is the mightiest power of the world; and he bore his testimony in behalf of the intellectual dignity of the clergy in comparison with other classes.  He encouraged missions as well as schools.

There was another Germanic tribe at that time which he held in great alarm, but which he did not attack, since they were not immediately dangerous.  This tribe or race was the Norman, just then beginning their ravages,—­pirates in open boats.  They had dared to enter a port in Narbonensis Gaul for purposes of plunder.  Some took them for Africans, and others for British merchants.  Nay, said Charlemagne, they are not merchants, but cruel enemies; and he covered his face with his iron hands and wept like a child.  He did not fear these barbarians, but he wept when he foresaw the evil they would do when he was dead.  “I weep,” said he, “that they should dare almost to land on my shores, in my