completely as if he could be bought and sold.  Christianity teaches the idea of a universal brotherhood; Feudalism suppressed or extinguished it.  Peasants had no rights, only duties,—­and duties to hard and unsympathetic masters.  Can we wonder that a relation so unequal should have been detested by the people when they began to think?  Can we wonder it should have created French Revolutions?  When we remember how the people toiled for a mail-clad warrior, how they fought for his interests, how they died for his renown, how they were curtailed in their few pleasures, how they were not permitted even to shoot a pheasant or hare in their own grounds, we are amazed that such signal injustice should ever have been endured.  It is impossible that this injustice should not have been felt; and no man ever became reconciled to injustice, unless reduced to the condition of a brute.  Religious tyranny may be borne, for the priest invokes a supreme authority which all feel to be universally binding.  But all tyranny over the body—­the utter extinction of liberty—­is hateful even to the most degraded Hottentot.

Why, then, was such an unjust and unequal relation permitted to exist so long?  What good did it accomplish?  What were its extenuating features?  Why was it commended by historians as a good institution for the times?

It created a hardy agricultural class, inured them to the dangers and the toils of war, bound them by local attachments, and fostered a patriotic spirit.  It developed the virtues of obedience, and submission to evils.  It created a love of home and household duties.  It was favorable to female virtue.  It created the stout yeomanry who could be relied upon in danger.  It made law and order possible.  It defended the people from robbers.  It laid a foundation for warlike prowess.  It was favorable to growth of population, for war did not sweep off the people so much as those dire plagues and pestilences which were common in the Middle Ages.  It was preferable to the disorders and conflagrations and depredations of preceding times.  The poor man was oppressed, but he was safe so long as his lord could protect him.  It was a hard discipline, but a discipline which was healthy; it preserved the seed if it did not bear the fruits of civilization.  The peasantry became honest, earnest, sincere.  They were made susceptible of religious impressions.  They became attached to all the institutions of the Church; the parish church was their retreat, their consolation, and their joy.  The priest held sway over the soul and the knight over the body, but the flame of piety burned steadily and warmly.