and [Greek:  stoicheia]) convertible terms.  The Greeks would call the four elements [Greek:  stoicheia] but not [Greek:  archai], which term would be reserved for the primary Matter and Force. Aer et ignis:  this is Stoic but not Aristotelian.  Aristot., starting with the four necessary properties of matter, viz. heat, cold, dryness, moisture, marks the two former as active, the two latter as passive.  He then assigns two of these properties, one active and one passive, to each of the four elements; each therefore is to him both active and passive.  The Stoics assign only one property to each element; heat to fire, cold to air (cf. N.D. II. 26), moisture to water, dryness to earth.  The doctrine of the text follows at once.  Cf.  Zeller, pp. 155, 187 sq., with footnotes, R. and P. 297 sq. Accipiendi ... patiendi:  [Greek:  dechesthai] often comes in Plat. Tim. Quintum genus:  the note on this, referred to in Introd. p. 16, is postponed to 39. Dissimile ... quoddam:  so MSS.; one would expect quiddam, which Orelli gives. Rebatur:  an old poetical word revived by Cic. De Or. III. 153; cf.  Quintil. Inst.  Or. VIII. 3, 26.

Sec.27. Subiectam ... materiam:  the [Greek:  hypokeimene hyle] of Aristotle, from which our word subject-matter is descended. Sine ulla specie:  species here = forma above, the [Greek:  eidos] or [Greek:  morphe] of Arist. Omnibus without rebus is rare.  The ambiguity is sometimes avoided by the immediate succession of a neuter relative pronoun, as in 21 in quibusdam, quae. Expressa:  chiselled as by a sculptor (cf. expressa effigies De Off.  III. 69); efficta, moulded as by a potter (see II. 77); the word was given by Turnebus for MSS. effecta.  So Matter is called an [Greek:  ekmageion] in Plat. Tim. Quae tota omnia:  these words have given rise to needless doubts; Bentl., Dav., Halm suspect them. Tota is feminine sing.; cf. materiam totam ipsam in 28; “which matter throughout its whole extent can suffer all changes.”  For the word omnia cf.  II. 118, and Plat. Tim. 50 B ([Greek:  dechetai gar ei ta panta]), 51 A ([Greek:  eidos pandeches]).  The word [Greek:  pandeches] is also quoted from Okellus in Stob.  I. 20, 3.  Binder is certainly wrong in taking tota and omnia both as neut.—­“alles und jedes.”  Cic. knew the Tim. well and imitated it here.  The student should read Grote’s comments on the passages referred to.  I cannot here point out the difference between Plato’s [Greek:  hyle] and that of Aristotle. Eoque interire:  so MSS.; Halm after Dav. eaque.  Faber was right in supposing that Cic. has said loosely of the materia what he ought to have said of the qualia.  Of course the [Greek:  prote hyle], whether Platonic or Aristotelian, is