dangerous and struck the first blow.  The murderous temper which turned the crowd into a mob is incompatible with social existence, let alone social progress.  The crowd at the moment of the shooting was a wild and lawless animal.  But to your investigator the important subject to analyze is not the guilt or innocence of Ford or Suhr, as the direct stimulators of the mob in action, but to name and standardize the early and equally important contributors to a psychological situation which resulted in an unlawful killing.  If this is done, how can we omit either the filth of the hop-ranch, the cheap gun-talk of the ordinary deputy sheriff, or the unbridled, irresponsible speech of the soap-box orator?

“Without doubt the propaganda which the I.W.W. had actually adopted for the California seasonal worker can be, in its fairly normal working out in law, a criminal conspiracy, and under that charge, Ford and Suhr have been found guilty of the Wheatland murder.  But the important fact is, that this propaganda will be carried out, whether unlawful or not.  We have talked hours with the I.W.W. leaders, and they are absolutely conscious of their position in the eyes of the law.  Their only comment is that they are glad, if it must be a conspiracy, that it is a criminal conspiracy.  They have volunteered the beginning of a cure; it is to clean up the housing and wage problem of the seasonal worker.  The shrewdest I.W.W. leader we found said:  ’We can’t agitate in the country unless things are rotten enough to bring the crowd along.’  They evidently were in Wheatland.”

He was high ace with the Wobbly for a while.  They invited him to their Jungles, they carved him presents in jail.  I remember a talk he gave on some phase of the California labor-problem one Sunday night, at the Congregational church in Oakland.  The last three rows were filled with unshaven hoboes, who filed up afterwards, to the evident distress of the clean regular church-goers, to clasp his hand.  They withdrew their allegiance after a time, which naturally in no way phased Carl’s scientific interest in them.  A paper hostile to Carl’s attitude on the I.W.W. and his insistence on the clean-up of camps published an article portraying him as a double-faced individual who feigned an interest in the under-dog really to undo him, as he was at heart and pocket-book a capitalist, being the possessor of an independent income of $150,000 a year.  Some I.W.W.’s took this up, and convinced a large meeting that he was really trying to sell them out.  It is not only the rich who are fickle.  Some of them remained his firm friends always, however.  That summer two of his students hoboed it till they came down with malaria, in the meantime turning in a fund of invaluable facts regarding the migratory and his life.

A year later, in his article in the “Quarterly Journal,” and, be it remembered, after his study of psychology had begun, Carl wrote:—­