passed twenty-three years on the sea.  I have seen all the Levant, all the western coasts, and the North.  I have seen England; I have often made the voyage from Lisbon to the Guinea coast.”  This he wrote in a letter to Ferdinand and Isabella.  Again he says, “I went to sea from the most tender age and have continued in a sea life to this day.  Whoever gives himself up to this art wants to know the secrets of Nature here below.  It is more than forty years that I have been thus engaged.  Wherever any one has sailed, there I have sailed.”

Whoever goes into the detail of the history of that century will come upon the names of two relatives of his—­Colon el Mozo (the Boy, or the Younger) and his uncle, Francesco Colon, both celebrated sailors.  The latter of the two was a captain in the fleets of Louis XI of France, and imaginative students may represent him as meeting Quentin Durward at court.  Christopher Columbus seems to have made several voyages under the command of the younger of these relatives.  He commanded the Genoese galleys near Cyprus in a war which the Genoese had with the Venetians.  Between the years 1461 and 1463 the Genoese were acting as allies with King John of Calabria, and Columbus had a command as captain in their navy at that time.

“In 1477,” he says, in one of his letters, “in the month of February, I sailed more than a hundred leagues beyond Tile.”  By this he means Thule, or Iceland.  “Of this island the southern part is seventy-three degrees from the equator, not sixty-three degrees, as some geographers pretend.”  But here he was wrong.  The Southern part of Iceland is in the latitude of sixty-three and a half degrees.  “The English, chiefly those of Bristol, carry their merchandise, to this island, which is as large as England.  When I was there the sea was not frozen, but the tides there are so strong that they rise and fall twenty-six cubits.”

The order of his life, after his visit to Iceland, is better known.  He was no longer an adventurous sailor-boy, glad of any voyage which offered; he was a man thirty years of age or more.  He married in the city of Lisbon and settled himself there.  His wife was named Philippa.  She was the daughter of an Italian gentleman named Bartolomeo Muniz de Perestrello, who was, like Columbus, a sailor, and was alive to all the new interests which geography then presented to all inquiring minds.  This was in the year 1477, and the King of Portugal was pressing the expeditions which, before the end of the century, resulted in the discovery of the route to the Indies by the Cape of Good Hope.

The young couple had to live.  Neither the bride nor her husband had any fortune, and Columbus occupied himself as a draftsman, illustrating books, making terrestrial globes, which must have been curiously inaccurate, since they had no Cape of Good Hope and no American Continent, drawing charts for sale, and collecting, where he could, the material for such study.  Such charts and maps were beginning to assume new importance in those days of geographical discovery.  The value attached to them may be judged from the statement that Vespucius paid one hundred and thirty ducats for one map.  This sum would be more than five hundred dollars of our time.