[Footnote 191:  Some of Goldwin Smith’s utterances are such as these:  “If morality has been based on religion there must be reason to fear that the foundation being removed the superstructure will fall.  That it has rested on religion so far as the great majority are concerned will hardly be doubted.” ...  “The presence of this theistic sanction has been especially apparent in all acts and lives of all heroic self-sacrifice and self-devotion.” ...  “All moral philosophers whose philosophy has been practically effective, from Socrates down, have been religious.  Many have tried to find an independent basis but have not been successful—­at least have not arrived at any agreement.” ...  “Thucydides ascribed the fall of Greece to the fall of religion.  Machiavelianism followed the fall of the Catholic faith.” ...  “Into the void left by religion came spiritual charlatanry and physical superstition, such as the arts of the hierophant of Isis, the soothsayer, the astrologer—­significant precursors of our modern mediums.” ...  “Conscience as a mere evolution of tribal experience may have importance, but it can have no authority, and ‘Nature’ is an unmeaning word without an Author of nature—­or rather it is a philosophic name for God.” ...  “Evolution is not moral, nor can morality be educed from it.  It proclaims as its law the survival of the fittest, and the only proof of fitness is survival.” ...  “We must remember that whatever may be our philosophic school we are still living under the influence of theism, and most of us under Christianity.  There is no saying how much of Christianity still lingers in the theories of agnostics.” ...  “The generation after the next may perhaps see agnosticism, moral as well as religious, tried on a clear field.”  These utterances are weighty, though detached.  We only raise a doubt whether “the generation after the next” will see agnosticism tried on a clear field.  On the contrary, it will be surrounded as now, and more and more, by Christian influences, and will still depend on those influences to save it from the sad results of its own teachings.]

[Footnote 192:  The Races of Man, pp. 137, 138.]

[Footnote 193:  The Human Species, p. 478.]

[Footnote 194:  Mr. John Fiske declares that man is descended from the catarrhine apes.—­Destiny of Man, p. 19.  Professor Le Conte maintains that no existing animal could ever be developed into man.  He traces all existing species up from a common stock, of which man is the head.  The common line of ancestors are all extinct.—­Evolution in Relation to Religious Thought, p. 90.]

[Footnote 195:  The Permanent Elements in Religion, p. 154]

[Footnote 196:  Book II., 13.]

[Footnote 197:  Book IX., 17.]

[Footnote 198:  Development by “heredity” and the Buddhist doctrine of transmigration, though both fatalistic, reach that result in different ways; they are, in fact, contradictory.  Character, according to Buddhism, is inherited not from parents:  it follows the line of affinity.]