further them.  But unless we make these sanctuaries soon we shall be infamous forever, as the one generation which defrauded posterity of all the preservable wild life that Nature took a million years to evolve into its present beautiful perfection.  Only a certain amount of animal life can exist in a certain area.  The surplus must go outside.  So sanctuaries are more than wild “zoos”, they are overflowing reservoirs, fed by their own springs, and feeding streams of life at every outlet.  They serve not only those interested in animal life, but those legitimately interested in animal death, for business, sport or food.  I might mention many instances of successful sanctuaries, permanent or temporary, absolute or modified—­the Algonquin, Rocky Mountains, Yoho, Glacier, Jasper and Laurentides in Canada; the Yellowstone, Yosemite, Grand Canon, Olympus and Superior in the United States; with the sea-lions of California, the wonderful revival of ibex in Spain and deer in Maine and New Brunswick, the great preserves in Uganda, India and Ceylon, the selective work of Baron von Berlepsch in Germany, the curious result of taboo protection up the Nelson river, and the effects on seafowl in cases as far apart in time and space as the guano islands under the Incas of Peru, Gardiner island in the United States or the Bass rock off the coast of Scotland.

Yet I do not ignore the difficulties.  First, there is the universal difficulty of introducing or enforcing laws where there have been no operative laws before.  Next, there is the difficulty of arousing public opinion on any subject, however worthy, which requires both insight and foresight.  Then, we must remember that protected species increasing beyond their special means of subsistence have to seek other kinds of food, sometimes with unfortunate results.  And then there are the several special difficulties connected with Labrador.  There are three British governments concerned—­Newfoundland, the Dominion and the province of Quebec.  There are French and American fishermen along the shore.  The proper protection of some migratory species will require co-operation with the United States, perhaps with Mexico and South America for certain birds, and even with Denmark for the Greenland seal.  Then, there are the Indians, the whole trade in animal products, the necessity of not interfering with any legitimate development, and the question of immediate expense, however small, for a deferred benefit, however great and near at hand.  And, finally, we must remember that scientific knowledge is not by any means adequate to deal with all the factors of the problem at once.

LABRADOR