Whatever be our system of philosophy we all practically rely on past experience and observation.  Fire burns and water drowns.  This we know, and this knowledge governs our daily lives, whatever be our theories, or even our ignorance, of the laws of heat and respiration.  Now human history is the embodiment of the experience of the race; and we study it in the full confidence that, if we can deduce its laws, we can rely on racial experience certainly as safely as on that of the individual.  Furthermore, if we can discover certain great movements or currents of human action or progress moving steadily on through past centuries, we have full confidence that these movements will continue in the future.  The study of history should make us seers.

But the line of human progress is like a mountain road, veering and twisting, and often appearing to turn back upon itself, and having many by-roads, which lead us astray.  If we know but a few miles of it we cannot tell whether it leads north or south or due west.  But if from any mountain-top we can gain a clear bird’s-eye view of its whole course, we easily distinguish the main road, its turns become quite insignificant, we see that it leads as directly as any engineering skill could locate it through the mountains to the fertile plains and rich harvests beyond.

Now our knowledge of the history of man covers so brief a period that we can scarcely more than hazard a guess as to the trend of human progress.  Many of the most promising social movements are like by-roads which, at first less steep and difficult, end sooner or later against impassable obstacles.  And even if there be a main line of march, advance seems to alternate with retreat, progress with retrogression.  To illustrate further, the great waves rush onward only to fall back again, and we can hardly tell whether the tide is flowing or ebbing.

Yet already certain tendencies appear fairly clear.  Governments tend to become democratic, if we define democracy as “any form of government in which the will of the people finds sovereign expression.”  The tendency of society seems to be toward furnishing all its members equality of opportunity to make the most of their natural endowments.  But if we are convinced that these statements express even vaguely the tendency of human development in all its past history, we are confident that these tendencies will continue in the future for a period somewhat proportional to their time of growth in the past.  If we are wise, we try to make our own lives and actions, and those of our fellows, conform to and advance them.  Otherwise our lives will be thrown away.

But if the theory of evolution be true, human history is only the last page of the one history of all life.  If we are to gain any adequate, true, extensive view of human progress, we must read more than this.  We must take into account the history of man when he was not yet man.  And if we believe in the future continuance of tendencies of a few centuries’ growth, we shall rest assured of the permanence of tendencies which have grown and strengthened through the ages.