up over against them:  for the spirit of the living creatures (or of life) was in the wheels.”  And above the living creatures was the firmament and the throne of God.  So Nature may be material, but it is material interpenetrated by the divine; if you call it a fabric, the woof may be material but the warp is God.  This view contains all the truth of materialism and pantheism, and vastly more than they, and it avoids their errors and omissions.

To the old metaphysical hypothesis of evolution Mr. Darwin gave a scientific basis.  It had always been admitted that species were capable of slight variation and that this divergence might become hereditary and thus perhaps give rise to a variety of the parent species.  But it was denied that the variation could go on increasing indefinitely, it seemed soon to reach a limit and stop.  Early in the present century Lamarck had attempted to prove that by the use and disuse of organs through a series of generations a great divergence might arise resulting in new species.  But the theory was crude, capable at best of but limited application, and fell before the arguments and authority of Cuvier.  The times were not ripe for such a theory.  Some fifty years later, Mr. Darwin called attention to the struggle for existence as a means of aggregating these slight modifications in a divergence sufficient to produce new species, genera, or families.  His argument may be very briefly stated as follows: 

1.  There is in Nature a law of heredity; like begets like.

2.  The offspring is never exactly like the parent; and the members of the second generation differ more or less from one another.  This is especially noticeable in domesticated plants and animals, but no less true of wild forms.  If the parent is not exactly like the other members of the species, some of its descendants will inherit its peculiarities enhanced, others diminished.

3.  Every species tends to increase in geometrical progression.  But most species actually increase in number very slowly, if at all.  Now and then some insect or weed escapes from its enemies, comes under favorable food conditions, and multiplies with such rapidity that it threatens to ravage the country.  But as it multiplies it furnishes an abundance of food for the enemies which devour it, or of food and place for the parasites in and upon it; and they increase with at least equal rapidity.  Hence while the vanguard increases prodigiously in numbers, because it has outrun these enemies, the rear is continually slaughtered.  And thus these plagues seem in successive generations to march across the continent.

And yet even they give but a faint idea of the reproductive powers of plants and animals.  The female fish produces often many thousands, sometimes hundreds of thousands of eggs.  Insects generally from a hundred to a thousand.  Even birds, slowly as they increase, produce in a lifetime probably at least from twelve to twenty eggs.  Now let us suppose that all these eggs developed, and all the birds lived out their normal period of life, and reproduced at the same rate.  After not many centuries there would not be standing room on the globe for the descendants of a single pair.