Supplementing these pioneers, came mechanics and artisans eager to better their condition.  Of the serving class, only a few came willingly.  These were the “free-willers” or “redemptioners,” who sold their services usually for a term of five years to pay for their passage money.  But the great mass of unskilled labor necessary to clear the forests and do the other hard work so plentiful in a pioneer land came to America under duress.  Kidnaping or “spiriting” achieved the perfection of a fine art under the second Charles.  Boys and girls of the poorer classes, those wretched waifs who thronged the streets of London and other towns, were hustled on board ships and virtually sold into slavery for a term of years.  It is said that in 1670 alone ten thousand persons were thus kidnaped; and one kidnaper testified in 1671 that he had sent five hundred persons a year to the colonies for twelve years and another that he had sent 840 in one year.

Transportation of the idle poor was another common source for providing servants.  In 1663 an act was passed by Parliament empowering Justices of the Peace to send rogues, vagrants, and “sturdy beggars” to the colonies.  These men belonged to the class of the unfortunate rather than the vicious and were the product of a passing state of society, though criminals also were deported.  Virginia and other colonies vigorously protested against this practice, but their protests were ignored by the Crown.  When, however, it is recalled that in those years the list of capital offenses was appalling in length, that the larceny of a few shillings was punishable by death, that many of the victims were deported because of religious differences and political offenses, then the stigma of crime is erased.  And one does not wonder that some of these transported persons rose to places of distinction and honor in the colonies and that many of them became respected citizens.  Maryland, indeed, recruited her schoolmasters from among their ranks.

Indentured service was an institution of that time, as was slavery.  The lot of the indentured servant was not ordinarily a hard one.  Here and there masters were cruel and inhuman.  But in a new country where hands were so few and work so abundant, it was wisdom to be tolerant and humane.  Servants who had worked out their time usually became tenants or freeholders, often moving to other colonies and later to the interior beyond the “fall line,” where they became pioneers in their turn.

The most important and influential influx of non-English stock into the colonies was the copious stream of Scotch-Irish.  Frontier life was not a new experience to these hardy and remarkable people.  Ulster, when they migrated thither from Scotland in the early part of the seventeenth century, was a wild moorland, and the Irish were more than unfriendly neighbors.  Yet these transplanted Scotch changed the fens and mires into fields and gardens; in three generations they had built flourishing towns and were doing a