by twelve or fifteen,” that it appears to be the result of inaccurate drawing.  There is therefore considerable room for difference as to the population of the town, ranging from say 1,200 to 2,000 souls, the verbal description which is much the more authoritative, inclining in favour of the latter.  Any estimate of the total population of the Hochelagan race on the river, must be a guess.  If, however, those on the island of Montreal be set at 2,000, and the “more than 500” of Stadacona be considered as a fair average for the principal town and 300 (which also was the average estimated by Pere Lalemant for the Neutral nation) as an average for the eight or so villages of the Quebec district, (the absentees, such as the 200 at Gaspe from Stadacona being perhaps offset by contingents from the places close to Stadacona) we have some 4,900 accounted for.  Those on all the hills to the south and east of Mount Royal would add anywhere from say 3,000 to an indefinitely greater number more.  Perhaps 5,000, however, should not be exceeded as the limit for these hills and Lake Champlain.  We arrive therefore at a guess of from 7,900 to 9,900 as the total.  As the lower figures seem conservative, compared with the early average of Huron and Iroquois villages, the guess may perhaps be raised a little to say from 10,000 to 11,000.  “This people confines itself to tillage and fishing, for they do not leave their country and are not migratory like those of Canada and Saguenay, although the said Canadians are subject to them, with eight or nine other peoples who are on the said river.”  Nevertheless the site of Hochelaga, unearthed in 1860, shows them to have been traders to some extent with the west, evidently through the Ottawa Algonquins.  What Cartier did during his brief visit to the town itself is well known.  The main point for us is that three men led him to the top of Mount Royal and showed him the country.  They told him of the Ottawa River and of three great rapids in the St. Lawrence, after passing which, “one could sail more than three moons along the said river,” doubtless meaning along the Great Lakes.  Silver and brass they identified as coming from that region, and “there were Agojudas, or wicked people, armed even to the fingers,” of whom they showed “the make of their armor, which is of cords and wood laced and woven together; giving to understand that the said Agojudas are continually at war with one and other.”  This testimony clearly describes the armour of the early Hurons and Iroquois[5] as found by Champlain, and seems to relate to war between the Hurons and Senecas at that period and to an aversion to them by the people of the town of Hochelaga themselves; who were, however, living in security from them at the time, apparently cut off from regular communication with them by Algonquin peoples, particularly those of the Ottawa, who controlled Huron communication with the lower St. Lawrence in the same way in Champlain’s days.