of them, who, when he returned next year, called the place where they had been taken Honguedo, and said that the north shore, above Anticosti Island, was the commencement of inhabited country which led to Canada (the Quebec region), Hochelaga, (Montreal) and the country of Saguenay, far to the west “whence came the red copper” (of which axes have since been found in the debris of Hochelaga, and which, in fact, came from Lake Superior), and that no man they ever heard of had ever been to the end of the great river of fresh water above.  Here we have the first indication of the racial situation of the Hochelagans.  At the mouth of the Saguenay River—­so called because it was one of the routes to the Sagnenay of the Algonquins, west of the Upper Ottawa—­he found four fishing canoes from Canada.  Plenty of fishing was prosecuted from this point upwards.  In “the Province of Canada,” he proceeds, “there are several peoples in unwalled villages.”  At the Isle of Orleans, just below Quebec, the principal peace chief, or, Agouhanna of “Canada,” Donnaconna, came to them with 12 canoes from the town (ville) of Stadacona, or Stadacone, which was surrounded by tilled land on the heights.  Twenty-five canoes from Stadacona afterwards visited them; and later Donnaconna brought on board “10 or 12 other of the greatest chiefs” with more than 500 persons, men, women and children, some doubtless from the neighbouring settlements.  If the same 200 persons as in the previous year were absent fishing at Gaspe, and others in other spots, these figures argue a considerable population.

Below Stadacona, were four “peoples and settlements”:  Ajoaste, Starnatam, Tailla (on a mountain) and Satadin or Stadin.  Above Stadacona were Tekenouday (on a mountain) and Hochelay (Achelacy or Hagouchouda)[3] which was in open country.  Further up were Hochelaga and some settlements on the island of Montreal, and various other places unobserved by Cartier, belonging to the same race; who according to a later statement of the remnant of them, confirmed by archaeology, had several “towns” on the island of Montreal and inhabited “all the hills to the south and east."[4] The hills to be seen from Mount Royal to the south are the northern slopes of the Adirondacks; while to the east are the lone volcanic eminences in the plain, Montarville, Beloeil, Rougemont, Johnson, Yamaska, Shefford, Orford and the Green Mountains.  All these hills deserve search for Huron-Iroquois town-sites.  The general sense of this paragraph includes an implication also of settlements towards and on Lake Champlain, that is to say, when taken in connection with the landscape. (My own dwelling overlooks this landscape.) At the same time let me say that perhaps due inquiries might locate some of the sites of Ajoaste and the other villages in the Quebec district.  In Cartier’s third voyage he refers obscurely, in treating of Montreal, to “the