[565] Exile.—­Maguire’s Irish in America, p. 355:  “It would seem as if they instinctively arrayed themselves in hostility to the British power; a fact to be explained alike by their love of liberty, and their vivid remembrance of recent or past misgovernment.”  The italics are our own.  The penal laws were enacted with the utmost rigour against Catholics in the colonies, and the only place of refuge was Maryland, founded by the Catholic Lord Baltimore.  Here there was liberty of conscience for all, but here only.  The sects who had fled to America to obtain “freedom to worship God,” soon manifested their determination that no one should have liberty of conscience except themselves, and gave the lie to their own principles, by persecuting each other for the most trifling differences of opinion on religious questions, in the cruelest manner.  Cutting off ears, whipping, and maiming were in constant practice.  See Maguire’s Irish in America, p. 349; Lucas’ Secularia, pp. 220-246.

[566] Irishman.—­See Cooper’s Naval History.

[567] England.—­He wrote to Thompson, from London, saying that he could effect nothing:  “The sun of liberty is set; we must now light up the candles of industry.”  The Secretary replied, with Celtic vehemence:  “Be assured we shall light up torches of a very different kind.”  When the Catholics of the United States sent up their celebrated Address to Washington, in 1790, he alludes in one part of his reply to the immense assistance obtained from them in effecting the Revolution:  “I presume that your fellow-citizens will not forget the patriotic part which you took in the accomplishment of their revolution and the establishment of their government, or the important assistance they received from a nation in which the Roman Catholic religion is professed.”

[568] Morley.—­Edmund Burke, an Historical Study, p. 181.

[569] People.—­Chesterfield said, in 1764, that the poor people in Ireland were used “worse than negroes.”  “Aristocracy,” said Adam Smith, “was not founded in the natural and respectable distinctions of birth and fortune, but in the most odious of all distinctions, those of religious and political prejudices—­distinctions which, more than any other, animate both the insolence of the oppressors, and the hatred and indignation of the oppressed.”—­Morley’s Edmund Burke, p. 183.

[570] Fully.—­See Curran’s Letters and Speeches: Dublin, 1865.

CHAPTER XXXVI.

The Volunteers deserted by their Leaders—­Agrarian Outrages and their Cause—­Foundation of the United Irishmen—­Cruelties of the Orangemen—­Government Spies and Informers—­Lord Moira exposes the Cruelty of the Yeomanry in Parliament—­Mr. Orr’s Trial and Death—­Details of the Atrocities enacted by the Military from a Protestant History—­Tom the Devil—­Cruelties practised by Men of Rank—­Licentiousness of the Army—­Death of Lord Edward FitzGerald—­The Rising—­Martial Law in Dublin—­The Insurrection in Wexford—­Massacres at Scullabogue House and Wexford-bridge by the Insurgents—­How the Priests were rewarded for saving Lives and Property—­The Insurrection in Ulster—­The State Prisoners—­The Union.