which, according to the custom of the country, are narrow, lofty, and round, immersed under the waters; and they frequently show them to strangers passing over them, and wondering at their purposes” (reique causas admirantibus).  This is all the better evidence of their then acknowledged antiquity, because the subject of the writer was the formation of the lough, and not the origin of the towers.  Mr. D’Alton’s (2) second argument is, that it was improbable the Christians would have erected churches of wood and bell towers of stone, or have bestowed incomparably more care and skill on the erection of these towers, no matter for what use they may have been intended, than on the churches, which should surely be their first care.[163]

The cromlechs next claim our notice.  There has been no question of their pagan origin; and, indeed, this method of honouring or interring the dead, seems an almost universal custom of ancient peoples.[164] Cremation does not appear to have been the rule as to the mode of interment in ancient Erinn, as many remains of skeletons have been found; and even those antiquarians who are pleased entirely to deny the truth of the historical accounts of our early annalists, accept their statements as to customs of the most ancient date.  When the dead were interred without cremation, the body was placed either in a horizontal, sitting, or recumbent posture.  When the remains were burned, a fictile vessel was used to contain the ashes.  These urns are of various forms and sizes.  The style of decoration also differs widely, some being but rudely ornamented, while others bear indications of artistic skill which could not have been exercised by a rude or uncultivated people.

[Illustration]

We give a full-page illustration of an urn and its contents, at present in the collection of the Royal Irish Academy.  This urn was found in a tumulus, which was opened in the Phoenix Park, near Dublin, in the year 1838.  The tumulus was about 120 feet in diameter at the base, and fifteen feet high.  Four sepulchral vases, containing burnt ashes, were found within the tomb.  It also enclosed two perfect male skeletons, the tops of the femora of another, and a bone of some animal.  A number of shells[165] were found under the head of each skeleton, of the kind known to conchologists as the Nerita littoralis.  The urn which we have figured is the largest and most perfect, and manifestly the earliest of the set.  It is six inches high, rudely carved, yet not without some attempt at ornament.  The bone pin was probably used for the hair, and the shells are obviously strung for a necklace.  We give above a specimen of the highest class of cinerary urns.  It stands unrivalled, both in design and execution, among all the specimens found in the British isles.  This valuable remain was discovered in the cutting of a railway, in a small stone chamber, at Knockneconra, near Bagnalstown, county Carlow.  Burned bones of an infant, or very young child, were found in it, and it was inclosed in a much larger and ruder urn, containing the bones of an adult.