Walls.—­A pile of saddle-bags and other travelling gear may be made into a good screen against the wind; and travellers usually arrange them with that intention.  Walls of stone may be built as a support to cloths, whose office it is to render the walls wind-tight, and also by lapping over their top, to form a partial roof.  We have already spoken of a broad sod of turf propped up on edge.

“The Thibetan traveller cares for no roof overhead if he can shelter himself from the wind behind a three-foot wall.  Hence the numerous little enclosures clustered together like cells of a honeycomb at every halting-place, with one side always raised against the prevailing wind.  (Shaw.) These walls are built round shallow pits, each with its rough fireplace in the middle.

Cloths.—­Any cloth may be made to give shelter by an arrangement like that in the sketch.

[Sketch of cloth shelter].

The corners of the cloth should be secured by simple hitches in the rope, and never by knots.  The former are sufficient for all purposes of security, but the latter will jam, and you may have to injure both cloth and string to get them loose again.  It is convenient to pin the sides of the cloth with a skewer round the ropes.  Any strip of wood makes a skewer.  Earth should be banked against the lowest edge of the cloth, to keep out the wind, and to prevent its flapping.  The sticks may, on an emergency, be replaced by faggots of brushwood, by guns, or by ropes carried down from the overhanging branches of a large tree. (For a sail supported by oars, see “Sail Tent” p. 108.)

Fremont, the American traveller bivouacked as follows:—­His rifles were tied together near the muzzles, the butts resting on the ground widely apart; a knife was laid on the rope that tied them together, to cut it in case of an alarm; over this extempore framework was thrown a large india-rubber cloth, with which he covered his packs when on the road; it made a cover sufficiently large to receive about half of his bed, and was a place of shelter for his instruments.

Gordon Cumming.—­The following extract is from Mr. Gordon Cumming’s book on Africa:  it describes the preparations of a practised traveller for a short excursion from his wagons away into the bush.  “I had at length got into the way of making myself tolerably comfortable in the field, and from this date I seldom went in quest of elephants without the following impedimenta, i.e. a large blanket, which I folded and secured before my saddle as a dragoon does his cloak, and two leather sacks, containing a flannel shirt, warm trousers, and a woollen night-cap, spare ammunition, washing-rod, coffee, bread, sugar, pepper and salt, dried meat, a wooden bowl, and a tea-spoon.  These sacks were carried on the shoulders of the natives, for which service I remunerated them with beads.  They also carried my coffee-kettle, two calabashes of water, two American axes, and two sickles, which I used every evening to cut grass for my bed, and likewise for my horses to eat throughout the night; and my after-rider carried extra ammunition and a spare rifle.”