to use them.) Each pair of bags was carefully balanced, one against the other, that the horses might not be unequally loaded.  The average weight of stores carried in each bag was 75 lbs., making a load (at starting) or 150 lbs., exclusive of bags, packages, or saddlery.  Bells were attached to the necks of the horses most apt to stray; but the clappers were tied up with a piece of thong, to keep them quiet on the march; and were loosened at night, so that the sound might guide us in searching for them next morning.

[Sketch of saddle bags on tree].

“We watched two hours each during night; the morning watch boiled the water, and woke the rest at four.  We made our breakfast of tea or coffee, damper, and pork, which we ate raw, and went out for the horses; which were generally saddled up, and on the move, before sunrise.  We travelled till one or two, when we led the horses to water, looked to any sores that might be caused by the pressure of their saddles, dressed them and altered the stuffing of the saddle to give them relief, and, after dinner, which was rather a brief ceremony, had the rest of the day for scientific or artistic pursuits,—­that is, if something else did not require immediate attention.  We could never trust to our guns for provision, as game was very scarce, and we had no opportunity of seeking it.”

Sir Samuel Baker gave considerable attention to the subject of pack-saddles.  The following is his account of the method he adopted in Africa:—­“I had arranged their (the donkeys’) packs so well, that they carried their loads with the greatest comfort.  Each animal had an immense pad, well stuffed with goats’ hair; this rested from the shoulder to the hip bones; upon this rested a simple form of saddle made of two forks of boughs inverted, and fastened together with rails; there were no nails in these saddles, all the fastenings being secured with thongs of raw hide. the great pad projecting before and behind, and also below the side of the saddle, prevented the loads from chafing the animal.  Every donkey carried two large bags made from the hides of antelopes that I had formerly shot on the frontier of Abyssinia, and these were arranged with toggles on the one to fit into loops on the other, so that the loading and unloading was exceedingly simple.  The success of an expedition depends mainly upon the perfection of the details, and, where animals are employed for transport, the first consideration should be bestowed upon saddle-packs.  The facility of loading is all-important, and I now had an exemplification of its effect upon both animals and men; the latter began to abuse the camels and to curse the father of this, and the mother of that, because they had the trouble of unloading them for the descent into the river’s bed, while the donkeys were blessed with the endearing name of ‘my brother,’ and alternately whacked with the stick.”

The art of packing.—­The art of good packing is to balance the packs accurately, and to lash tightly to the saddle, so that they will never slip.  The entire load is then secured to the animal’s back, by moderate girthing.  It is going on a false principle, to wind one long cord round the horse, saddle, and packs; making, as it were, a great faggot of them.