tabular number be similarly multiplied.  Therefore a traveller may ascertain the breadth of a river, or that of a valley, or the distance of any object on either side of his line of march, by taking not more than some sixty additional paces, and by making a single reference to my table.  Particular care must be taken to walk in a straight line from A to B, by sighting some more distant object in a line with B. It will otherwise surprise most people, on looking back at their track, to see how curved it has been and how far their b’ B is from being in the right direction.

[Contains Table for Rough Triangulation without the usual instruments, and without Calculation"].

Measurement of Time.—­Sun Dial.—­Plant a stake firmly in the ground in a level open space, and get ready a piece of string, a tent-peg, and a bit of stick a foot long.  When the stars begin to appear, and before it is dark, go to the stake, lie down on the ground, and plant the stick, so adjusting it that its top and the point where the string is tied to the stake shall be in a line with the Polar Star, or rather with the Pole (see below); then get up, stretch the string so as just to touch the top of the stick, and stake it down with the tent-peg.  Kneel down again, to see that all is right, and in the morning draw out the dial-lines; the string being the gnomon.  The true North Pole is distant about 1 1/2 degree, or three suns’ (or moons’) diameters from the Polar Star, and it lies between the Polar Star and the pointers of the Great Bear, or, more truly, between it and [Greek letter] Urs ae Majoris.

[Small drawing illustrating these directions in above text].

The one essential point of dial-making is to set the gnomon truly, because it ensures that the shadows shall fall in the same direction at the same hours all the year round.  To ascertain where to mark the hour-lines on the ground, or wall, on which the shadow of the gnomon falls, the simplest plan is to use a watch, or whatever makeshift means of reckoning time be at hand.  Calculations are troublesome, unless the plate is quite level, or vertical, and exactly facing south or north, or else in the plane of the Equinox.

The figure represents the well-known equinoctial sun-dial.  It can easily be cast in lead.  The spike points towards the elevated pole, and the rim of the disc is divided into 24 equal parts for the hours.

Pendulum.—­A Traveller, when the last of his watches breaks down, has no need to be disheartened from going on with his longitudinal observations, especially if he observes occulations and eclipses.  The object of a watch is to tell the number of seconds that elapse between the instant of occulation, eclipse, etc., and the instant, a minute or two later, when the sextant observation for time is made.  All that a watch actually does is to beat seconds, and to record the number of beats.  Now, a string and stone, swung as a pendulum, will beat time; and