Tying on Horseback.—­In cases where a prisoner has to be secured and galloped off, there are but two ways:  either putting him in the saddle and strapping his ankles together under the horse’s belly—­in which case, if he be mad with rage, and attempts to throw himself off, the saddle must turn with him; or else securing him Mazeppa-fashion—­when four loops are passed, one round each leg of the horse, and to each of these is tied one limb of the prisoner, as he lies with his back against that of the horse; a surcingle is also passed round both horse and man.  It is, of course, a barbarous method, but circumstances might arise when it would be of use.

Proceedings in case of Death.—­If a man of the party dies, write down a detailed account of the matter, and have it attested by the others, especially if accident be the cause of his death.  If a man be lost, before you turn away and abandon him to his fate, call the party formally together, and ask them if they are satisfied that you have done all that was possible to save him, and record their answers.  After death, it is well to follow the custom at sea—­i.e. to sell by auction all the dead man’s effects among his comrades, deducting the money they fetch from the pay of the buyers, to be handed over to his relatives on the return of the expedition.  The things will probably be sold at a much higher price than they would elsewhere fetch, and the carriage of useless lumber is saved.  Any trinkets he may have had, should of course be sealed up and put aside, and not included in the sale:  they should be collected in presence of the whole party, a list made of them, and the articles at once packed up.  In committing the body to the earth, choose a well-marked situation, dig a deep grave, bush it with thorns, and weight it well over with heavy stones, as a defence against animals of prey.

MECHANICAL APPLIANCES.

To Raise and Move a Heavy Body.—­On Land.—­Lever up its ends alternately, and build underneath them when they are lifted up.  After a sufficient height has been gained, build a sloping causeway down to the place to which the mass has to be moved, and along which it may be dragged, with the assistance of rollers and grease.  If the mass be too awkwardly shaped to admit of this, burrow below it; pass poles underneath it, and raise the ends of the poles alternately.  Mr. Williams, the well-known missionary of the South Sea Islands, relates how his schooner of from seventy to eighty tons had been driven by a violent hurricane and rising of the sea, on one of the islands near which she was anchored, and was lodged several hundred yards inland; and thus describes how he got her back:—­“The method by which we contrived to raise the vessel was exceedingly simple, and by it we were enabled to accomplish the task with great ease.  Long levers were passed under her keel, with the fulcrum so fixed as to give them an elevation of about forty-five degrees.