Wasp and Scorpion-stings.—­the Oil scraped out of a tobacco-pipe is a good application; should the scorpion be large, his sting must be treated like a snake-bite.

Broken Bones.—­It is extremely improbable that a man should die, in consequence of a broken leg or arm, if the skin be uninjured’ but, if the broken end forces its way through the flesh, the injury is a very serious one.  Abscesses form, the parts mortify, and the severest consequences often follow.  Hence, when a man breaks a bone, do not convert a simple injury into a severe one, by carrying him carelessly.  If possible, move the encampment to the injured man, and not vice versa.  Mr. Druitt says:—­“When a man has broken his leg, lay him on the other side, put the broken limb exactly on the sound one, with a little straw between, and tie the two legs together with handkerchiefs.  Thus the two legs will move as one, and the broken bone will not hurt the flesh so much, nor yet come through the skin.”

Drowning.—­A half-drowned man must be put to bed in dry, heated clothes, hot stones, etc., placed against his feet, and his head must be raised moderately.  Human warmth is excellent, such as that of two big men made to lie close up against him, one on each side.  All rough treatment is not only ridiculous but full of harm; such as the fashion—­which still exists in some places—­of hanging up the body by the feet, that the swallowed water may drain out of the mouth.

I reprint here the instructions circulated by Dr. Marshall Hall:—­

“1.  Treat the patient instantly, on the spot, in the open air, exposing the face and chest to the breeze (except in severe weather).

“To Clear the Throat—­2.  Place the patient gently on the face, with one wrist under the forehead; all fluids and the tongue itself then fall forwards, leaving the entrance into the windpipe free.  If there be breathing—­wait and watch; if not, or if it fail,—­

“To Excite Respiration—­3.  Turn the patient well and instantly on his side, and—­4.  Excite the nostrils with snuff, the throat with a feather, etc., dash cold water on the face previously rubbed warm.  If there be no success, lose not a moment but instantly—­

“To Imitate Respiration—­5.  Replace the patient on his face, raising and supporting the chest well on a folded coat or other article of dress;—­6.  Turn the body very gently on the side and a little beyond, and then briskly on the face, alternately; repeating these measures deliberately, efficiently, and perseveringly fifteen times in the minute, occasionally varying the side; when the patient reposes on the chest, this cavity is compressed by the weight of the body, and expiration takes place; when he is turned on the side, this pressure is removed, and inspiration occurs. 7. when the prone position is resumed, make equable but efficient pressure, with brisk movement, along the back of the chest; removing it immediately before rotation on the side:  the first measure augments the expiration, the second commences inspiration.  The result is—­Respiration;—­and, if not too late,—­Life.