into one, and tin cases into a few of the others, instead of the large bags.  These panniers, with the bags inflated, and connected together by a stage, would form an excellent and powerful raft.  If secured within a wagon about to cross a deep river, they would have enough power, in all ordinary cases, to cause it to float and not to sink to the bottom.  I trust some explorer will try this plan.  I may add that the macintosh water-bags cost me about 1 pound each.

Raw Hide Bags/—­Captain Sturt, when he explored in Australia, took a tank in his cart, which burst, and besides that, he carried casks of water.  By these he was enabled to face a desert country with a degree of success to which no traveller before had ever attained.  For instance, when returning homewards, the water was found to be drying up on all sides of him.  He was encamped by a pool where he was safe, whence the next stage was 118 miles, or 4 days’ journey, but it was a matter of considerable doubt whether there remained any water at the end of the stage.  It was absolutely necessary to reconnoitre, and in order to do so, he had first to provide the messenger with the means of returning, should the watering-place be found dry.  He killed a bullock, skinned it, and filling the skin with water (which held 150 gallons), Sent it by an ex-dray 30 miles, with orders to bury it and to return.  Shortly after he despatched a light one-horse cart, carrying 36 gallons of water; the horse and man were to drink at the hide, and then to go on.  Thus they had 36 gallons to supply them for a journey of 176 miles, or 6 days, at 30 miles a day at the close of which they would return to the ox-hide—­sleeping, in fact, 5 nights on 36 gallons of water.  This a hardy, well-driven horse could do, even in the hottest climate.

To raise Water from Wells for Cattle.—­By hand.—­Let one man stand in the water, or just above it; another 5 feet higher; and again another higher still, if the depth of the well requires it.  Then let the lowermost man dip a bucket in the water, and pass it from hand to hand upwards; the top man pours the water into a trough, out of which the cattle drink.  This trough may be simply a ditch scratched in the ground; a piece of canvas should be thrown over it, if the soil be sandy, to keep the water from being lost before the cattle have time to drink it.  Thus Eyre speaks of watering his horse, out of his black servant’s duck frock.  Light gutta-percha buckets are very useful in temperate climates; and so are baskets, with oilcloth inside them.

The drove of cattle should be brought up to 60 yards from the watering-place; then three or four should be driven out—­they will run at once to the water.  After they have drunk, drive them to one side, and let another three or four take their place, and so on; keeping the two droves quite distinct—­those that have drunk, and those that are waiting to drink.  They will drink at the rate of one per minute; sheep and goats drink very much faster.  Never let the cattle go in a rush to the well, else they will stamp it in, most of them get no water, and they will all do a great deal of damage.