[326] See Die Edda, von Karl Simrock.  Stuttgart, 1855.  Literature and Romance of Northern Europe, by William and Mary Howitt.  London, 1852.  Geschichte und System der Altdeutschen Religion, von Withelm Muller.  Gottingen, 1844.  Mallet’s Northern Antiquities, edited by Blackwell, in Bohn’s Antiquarian Library.

[327] Hitopadesa; or, Salutary Counsels of Vishnu Sarman.  Translated fiom the Sanskrit by Francis Johnson.  London and Hertford, 1848.

[328] See Memoir of Snorro Sturleson, in Laing’s Sea-Kings of Norway.

[329] It would appear from this legend that the gods are idealizations of human will set over against the powers of nature.  The battle of the gods and giants represents the struggles of the soul against the inexorable laws of nature, freedom against fate, the spirit with the flesh, mind with matter, human hope with change, disappointment, loss; “the emergency of the case with the despotism of the rule.”

[330] Physical circumstances produced alterations in the mythologies, whose origin was the same.  Thus, Loki, the god of fire, belongs to the AEsir, because fire is hostile to frost, but represents the treacherous and evil subterranean fires, which in Iceland destroyed with lava, sand, and boiling water more than was injured by cold.

[331] Northern Mythology, by Benjamin Thorpe.

[332] Gibbon, Chap.  LVI.

[333] Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible.  Neander, Church History, Vol.  II.  Appendix.

[334] See, for the conversion of the German races, Gibbon; Guizot, History of Civilization; Merivale, Conversion of the German Nations; Milman, Latin Christianity; Neander, History of the Christian Church; Hegel; Lecky, History of European Morals.

[335] Latin Christianity, Book III.  Chap.  II.

[336] Palaztu, on the Western Sea.  Rawlinson’s Herodotus, Vol.  I., p. 487.

[337] The word has been deciphered “Pulusater.”  Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible, Palestine.

[338] Ibid.

[339] Palestine, and the Sinaitic Peninsula.  By Carl Ritter.  Translated by William L. Gage.  New York. 1866.

[340] Ritter’s Palestine, Vol.  II. p. 315.

[341] Lynch makes it thirteen hundred feet below the surface of the Mediterranean.  See Ritter.

[342] History of Israel, translated by Russell Martineau, Vol.  I. p. 231.

[343] New American Cyclopaedia, art.  Semitic Race.

[344] Quoted by Le Normant, Manual of Ancient History of the East, Vol.  I. p. 71.

[345] Remarks on the Phoenician Inscription of Sidon, by Professor William W. Turner, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol.  VII.  No. 1.

[346] Poenulus, Act V. Sc. 1.

[347] See his Essay on the People of Israel, in Studies of Religious History and Criticism, translated by O. B. Frothingham.

[348] Except the proselytes, who are adopted children.

[349] History of the Jewish Church, Lect.  I.