[175] The “hornets,” Ex. xxiii. 28, and Josh. xxiv. 11, 12, are not insects, but the Hyksos, who, driven from Egypt were overrunning Syria.  See New York Nation, article on the Hyksos, May 13, 1869.

[176] Pap.  Tallier (Bunsen IV. 671) as translated by De Rouge, Goodwin, &c.:  “In the days when the land of Egypt was held by the invaders, King Apapi (at Avaris) set up Sutekh for his lord; he worshipped no other god in the whole land.”

[177] I follow here De Rouge, Brugsch, and Duncker, rather than Bunsen.

[178] Athenaeum Francais, 1856.

[179] Lesley, Man’s Origin and Destiny, p. 149.  Brugsch, Aus dem Orient, p. 37.

[180] A common title on the monuments for the king is Per-aa, in the dialect of Upper Egypt, Pher-ao in that of Lower Egypt, meaning “The lofty house,” equivalent to the modern Turkish title, “The Sublime Porte.”

[181] “AEgypten und die Buecher Mosis, von Dr. Georg Ebers.  Leipzig, 1868.”  “Bunsen, Bibel-Werk,” Erster Theil, p. 63.

[182] AEschylus calls the Egyptian sailors [Greek:  melanchimos].  Lucian calls a young Egyptian “black-skinned,” but Ammianus Marcellinus says, “AEgyptii plerique subfusculi sunt et atrati.”

[183] “AEgypten und die Buecher Mosis, von Ebers, Vol.  I. p. 43.”

[184] “Th.  Benfey, Ueber das verhaeltniss der aegyptischen Sprache zum semitischen Sprachstamme, 1844.”

[185] AEgypten, &c.

[186] “The skulls of the mummies agree with history in proving that Egypt was peopled with a variety of tribes; and physiologists, when speaking more exactly, have divided them into three classes.  The first is the Egyptian proper, whose skull is shaped like the heads of the ancient Theban statues and the modern Nubians.  The second is a race of men more like the Europeans, and these mummies become more common as we approach the Delta.  These are perhaps the same as the modern Copts.  The third is of an Arab race, and are like the heads of the laborers in the pictures.”—­Sharpe, Hist. of Egypt, I. 3.  He refers to Morton’s Crania AEgyptiaca for his authority.

Prichard (Nat.  Hist. of Man and Researches, &c.), after a full examination of the question concerning the ethnical relations of the Egyptians, and of Morton’s craniological researches, concludes in favor of an Asiatic origin of the Egyptians, connected with an amalgamation with the African autocthones.

[187] “Dieser Voelkerschaften gehorten der kaukasischen Race an; ihre Sprachen waren dem Semitischen am naechsten Verwandt.”  G. des A. I. 11.

[188] Brugsch derives it from Ki-Ptah = worshippers of Ptah.

[189] Plato, Timaeus.  Herod.  II. 59.  Gutschmidt and others deny this etymologic relation of Neith to Athene.