[121] Duncker (Gesch. des Alterthums, B. II.) gives at length the reasons which prove Zoroaster and the Avesta to have originated in Bactria.

[122] Duncker (B.  II. s. 483).  So Doellinger.

[123] Egypt’s Place in Universal History, Vol.  III. p. 471.

[124] Eran, das Land zwischen dem Indus und Tigris.

[125] Journal of the Am.  Or.  Soc., Vol.  V. No. 2, p. 353.

[126] The Gentile and Jew, Vol.  I. p. 380.

[127] Five Great Monarchies, Vol.  III. p. 94.

[128] Essays, &c., by Martin Haug, p. 255.

[129] Die Religion und Sitte der Perser.  Von Dr. Adolf Rapp. (1865.)

[130] Bunsen, Egypt, Vol.  III. p. 455.

[131] Written in the thirteenth century after Christ.  An English translation may be found in Dr. J. Wilson’s “Parsi Religion.”

[132] Chips, Vol.  I. p. 88.

[133] So Mr. Emerson, in one of those observations which give us a system of philosophy in a sentence, says, “The soul knows no persons.”  Perhaps he should have said, “The Spirit.”

[134] Islam is, in this sense, a moral religion, its root consisting in obedience to Allah and his prophet.  Sufism, a Mohammedan mysticism, is a heresy.

[135] Vendidad, Farg.  I. 3.  “Therefore Angra-Mainyus, the death-dealing, created a mighty serpent and snow.”  The serpent entering into the Iranic Eden is one of the curious coincidences of the Iranic and Hebrew traditions.

[136] Lyell, Principles of Geology (eighth edition), p. 77.

[137] Idem., p. 83.  A similar change from a temperate climate to extreme cold has taken place in Greenland within five or six centuries.

[138] The Daevas, or evil spirits of the Zend books, are the same as the Devas, or Gods of the Sanskrit religion.

[139] The Patets are formularies of confession.  They are written in Parsi, with occasional passages inserted in Zend.

[140] Zoroast.  Stud. 1863.

[141] Vendidad, Fargard XIX. 33, 44, 55.

[142] The Albordj of the Zend books is doubtless the modern range of the Elbrooz.  This mighty chain comes from the Caucasus into the northern frontier of Persia.  See a description of this region in “Histoire des Perses, par le Comte de Gobineau.  Paris, 1869.”

[143] See Burnouf, Comment, sur le Yacna, p. 528.  Flotard, La Religion primitive des Indo-Europeens. 1864.

[144] Vendidad, Fargard X. 17.

[145] See Spiegel’s note to the tenth Fargard of the Vendidad.

[146] See Windischmann, “Ueber den Soma-Cultus der Arien.”

[147] Perhaps one of the most widely diffused appellations is that of the divine being.  We can trace this very word divine back to the ancient root Div, meaning to shine.  From this is derived the Sanskrit Devas, the Zend Daeva. the Latin Deus, the German Zio, the Greek Zeus, and also Jupiter (from Djaus-piter).  See Spiegel, Zend Avesta, Einleitung, Cap.  I.