[103] The Sanskrit root, whence the English “bode” and “forebode,” means “to know.”

[104] Saint-Hilaire.

[105] Bhilsa Topes.

[106] Goethe, Faust.

[107] Die Persischen Keilinscriften (Leipzig, 1847.) See also the account of the inscription at Behistun, in Lenormant’s “Manual of Ancient History.”

[108] Rawlinson, Five Great Monarchies.—­Duncker, Geschichte des Alterthums, B. II.—­Heeren, The Persians.—­Fergusson, Illustrated Hand-Book of Architecture.—­Creuzer, Schriften.  See also the works of Oppert, Hinks, Menant, and Lassen.

[109] Vendidad, Fargard, XIX.—­XLVI.  Spiegel, translated into English by Bleek.

[110] Herodotus, I. 131.

[111] Herodotus, in various parts of his history.

[112] “Plutarch’s Morals.  Translated from the Greek by several hands.  London.  Printed for W. Taylor, at the Ship in Pater-noster Eow. 1718.”  This passage concerning Zoroaster is from the “Isis and Osiris” in Vol.  IV. of this old translation.  We have retained the antique terminology and spelling. (See also the new American edition of this translation.  Boston, Little and Brown, 1871.)

[113] This is the Haoma spoken of on page 202.

[114] These, with Ormazd, are the seven Amshaspands enumerated on page 197.

[115] See the account, on page 195, of these four periods of three thousand years each.

[116] Kleuker (Anhang zum Zend Avesta) has given a full resume of the references to Zoroaster and his religion in the Greek and Roman writers.  More recently, Professor Bapp of Tubingen has gone over the same ground in a very instructive essay in the Zeitschrift der Deutsohen Morgenlandisshen Gesellschaft. (Leipzig, 1865.)

[117] Anq. du Perron, Zend Avesta; Disc.  Prelim., p. vi.

[118] At the time Anquetil du Perron was thus laboring in the cause of science in India, two other men were in the same region devoting themselves with equal ardor to very different objects.  Clive was laying the foundations of the British dominion in India; Schwartz was giving himself up to a life of toil in preaching the Gospel to the Hindoos.  How little would these three men have sympathized with each other, or appreciated each other’s work!  And yet how important to the progress of humanity was that of each!

[119] And with this conclusion the later scholars agree.  Burnouf, Lassen, Spiegel, Westergaard, Haug, Bunsen, Max Mueller, Roth, all accept the Zend Avesta as containing in the main, if not the actual words of Zoroaster, yet authentic reminiscences of his teaching.  The Gathas of the Yacna are now considered to be the oldest part of the Avesta, as appears from the investigations of Haug and others. (See Dr. Martin Haug’s translation and commentary of the Five Gathas of Zarathustra.  Leipzig, 1860.)

[120] Even good scholars often follow each other in a false direction for want of a little independent thinking.  The Greek of Plato was translated by a long succession of writers, “Zoroaster the son of Oromazes,” until some one happened to think that this genitive might imply a different relation.