For the Roman nation was derived from at least three
secondary sources,—the Latins, Sabines,
and Etruscans. To these may be added the Pelasgian
settlers on the western coast (unless these are included
in the Etruscan element), and the very ancient race
of Siculi or Sikels, whose name suggests, by its phonetic
analogy, a branch of that widely wandering race, the
Kelts[272]. But the obscure and confused traditions
of these Italian races help us very little in our
present inquiry. That some of the oldest Roman
deities were Latin, others Sabine, and others Etruscan,
is, however, well ascertained. From the Latin
towns Alba and Lavinium came the worship of Vesta,
Jupiter, Juno, Saturn and Tellus, Diana and Mars.
Niebuhr thinks that the Sabine ritual was adopted
by the Romans, and that Varro found the real remains
of Sabine chapels on the Quirinal. From Etruria
came the system of divination. Some of the oldest
portions of the Roman religion were derived from agriculture.
The god Saturn took his name from sowing. Picus
and Faunus were agricultural gods. Pales, the
goddess of herbage, had offerings of milk on her festivals.
The Romans, says Doellinger, had no cosmogony of their
own; a practical people, they took the world as they
found it, and did not trouble themselves about its
origin. Nor had they any favorite deities; they
worshipped according to what was proper, every one
in turn at the right time. Though the most polytheistic
of religions, there ran through their system an obscure
conception of one supreme being, Jupiter Optimus-Maximus,
of whom all the other deities were but qualities and
attributes. But they carried furthest of all nations
this personifying and deifying of every separate power,
this minute subdivision of the deity. Heffter[273]
says this was carried to an extent which was almost
comic. They had divinities who presided over talkativeness
and silence, over beginnings and endings, over the
manuring of the fields, and over all household transactions.
And as the number increased, it became always more
difficult to recollect which was the right god to appeal
to under any special circumstances. So that often
they were obliged to call on the gods in general,
and, dismissing the whole polytheistic pantheon, to
invoke some unknown god, or the supreme being.
Sometimes, however, in these emergencies, new deities
were created for the occasion. Thus they came
to invoke the pestilence, defeat in battle, blight,
etc., as dangerous beings whose hostility must
be placated by sacrifices. A better part of their
mythology was the worship of Modesty (Pudicitia), Faith
or Fidelity (Fides), Concord (Concordia), and the
gods of home. It was the business of the pontiffs
to see to the creation of new divinities. So the
Romans had a goddess Pecunia, money (from Pecus, cattle),
dating from the time when the circulating medium consisted
in cows and sheep. But when copper money came,
a god of copper was added, AEsculanus; and when silver
money was invented, a god Argentarius arrived.