[893] Keating, 125, 300.

[894] See MacBain, CM ix. 328.

[895] Brand, i. 390; Ramsay, Scotland and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century, ii. 437; Stat.  Account, xi. 621.

[896] Hazlitt, 297-298, 340; Campbell, Witchcraft, 285 f.

[897] Curtin, 72.

[898] Fitzgerald, RC vi. 254.

[899] See Chambers, Mediaeval Stage, App.  N, for the evidence from canons and councils regarding these.

[900] Tille, Yule and Christmas, 96.

[901] Chambers, Popular Rhymes, 166.

[902] Hutchinson, View of Northumberland, ii. 45; Thomas, Rev. de l’Hist. des Rel. xxxviii. 335 f.

[903] Patrol.  Lot. xxxix. 2001.

[904] IT i. 205; RC v. 331; Leahy, i. 57.

[905] See p. 169, supra.

[906] The writer has himself seen such bonfires in the Highlands.  See also Hazlitt, 298; Pennant, Tour, ii. 47; Rh[^y]s, HL 515, CFL i. 225-226.  In Egyptian mythology, Typhon assailed Horus in the form of a black swine.

[907] Keating, 300.

[908] Joyce, SH ii. 556; RC x. 214, 225, xxiv. 172; O’Grady, ii. 374; CM ix. 209.

[909] See Mannhardt, Mythol.  Forschung. 333 f.; Frazer, Adonis, passim; Thomas, Rev. de l’Hist. des Rel. xxxviii. 325 f.

[910] Hazlitt, 35; Chambers, Mediaeval Stage, i. 261.

[911] Chambers, Book of Days, ii. 492; Hazlitt, 131.

[912] Hazlitt, 97; Davies, Extracts from Munic.  Records of York, 270.

[913] See p. 237, supra; LL 16, 213.

[914] Chambers, Med.  Stage, i. 250 f.

[915] Cormac, s.v. “Belltaine,” “Bel”; Arch.  Rev. i. 232.

[916] D’Arbois, ii. 136.

[917] Stokes, US 125, 164.  See his earlier derivation, dividing the word into belt, connected with Lithuan. baltas, “white,” and aine, the termination in sechtmaine, “week” (TIG xxxv.).

[918] Need-fire (Gael. Teinne-eiginn, “necessity fire”) was used to kindle fire in time of cattle plague.  See Grimm, Teut.  Myth. 608 f.; Martin, 113; Jamieson’s Dictionary, s.v. “neidfyre.”

[919] Cormac, s.v.; Martin, 105, says that the Druids extinguished all fires until their dues were paid.  This may have been a tradition in the Hebrides.

[920] Joyce, PN i. 216; Hone, Everyday Book, i. 849, ii. 595.

[921] Pennant, Tour in Scotland, i. 291.

[922] Hazlitt, 339, 397.

[923] Hone, Everyday Book, ii. 595.  See p. 215, supra.

[924] Sinclair, Stat.  Account, xi. 620.

[925] Martin, 105.

[926] For these usages see Ramsay, Scotland and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century, ii. 439 f.; Sinclair, Stat.  Account, v. 84, xi. 620, xv. 517.  For the sacramental and sacrificial use of similar loaves, see Frazer, Golden Bough{2}, i. 94, ii. 78; Grimm, Teut.  Myth. iii. 1239 f.