I remember a handsome young mulatto of about twenty who got the insane idea into his head that he should stand for his rights.  And he did have the right of it, too; but that didn’t help him any.  He lived on the topmost gallery.  Eight hall-men took the conceit out of him in just about a minute and a half—­for that was the length of time required to travel along his gallery to the end and down five flights of steel stairs.  He travelled the whole distance on every portion of his anatomy except his feet, and the eight hall-men were not idle.  The mulatto struck the pavement where I was standing watching it all.  He regained his feet and stood upright for a moment.  In that moment he threw his arms wide apart and omitted an awful scream of terror and pain and heartbreak.  At the same instant, as in a transformation scene, the shreds of his stout prison clothes fell from him, leaving him wholly naked and streaming blood from every portion of the surface of his body.  Then he collapsed in a heap, unconscious.  He had learned his lesson, and every convict within those walls who heard him scream had learned a lesson.  So had I learned mine.  It is not a nice thing to see a man’s heart broken in a minute and a half.

The following will illustrate how we drummed up business in the graft of passing the punk.  A row of newcomers is installed in your cells.  You pass along before the bars with your punk.  “Hey, Bo, give us a light,” some one calls to you.  Now this is an advertisement that that particular man has tobacco on him.  You pass in the punk and go your way.  A little later you come back and lean up casually against the bars.  “Say, Bo, can you let us have a little tobacco?” is what you say.  If he is not wise to the game, the chances are that he solemnly avers that he hasn’t any more tobacco.  All very well.  You condole with him and go your way.  But you know that his punk will last him only the rest of that day.  Next day you come by, and he says again, “Hey, Bo, give us a light.”  And you say, “You haven’t any tobacco and you don’t need a light.”  And you don’t give him any, either.  Half an hour after, or an hour or two or three hours, you will be passing by and the man will call out to you in mild tones, “Come here, Bo.”  And you come.  You thrust your hand between the bars and have it filled with precious tobacco.  Then you give him a light.

Sometimes, however, a newcomer arrives, upon whom no grafts are to be worked.  The mysterious word is passed along that he is to be treated decently.  Where this word originated I could never learn.  The one thing patent is that the man has a “pull.”  It may be with one of the superior hall-men; it may be with one of the guards in some other part of the prison; it may be that good treatment has been purchased from grafters higher up; but be it as it may, we know that it is up to us to treat him decently if we want to avoid trouble.

We hall-men were middle-men and common carriers.  We arranged trades between convicts confined in different parts of the prison, and we put through the exchange.  Also, we took our commissions coming and going.  Sometimes the objects traded had to go through the hands of half a dozen middle-men, each of whom took his whack, or in some way or another was paid for his service.