[Illustration:  An Avalanche.]

Snow falls all the year round on the tops of the mountains in Switzerland.  As the snow falls, it packs down hard and changes into ice.  At last it becomes a great mass of ice, and slides very slowly down the sides of the mountains into the valleys.  These masses of ice are called glaciers.  They move so slowly that you cannot tell they are moving by looking at them.  But by driving a stake down, you can see, after a long time, that the ice has moved a little way.

A great many of the people in Switzerland live by keeping cattle and sheep and goats.  Their houses are in the valleys.  But in spring, when the snow begins to melt and the grass begins to grow, the men drive their flocks up the mountain sides to feed.  There they stay till the end of summer.  The men take with them a supply of food, and they sleep in huts on the mountain side.

There is a kind of goat in Switzerland called the chamois.  It lives high up in the mountains.  It is very hard to hunt the chamois, for it can go into places where a man cannot follow it.  It can leap very nimbly from one rock to another.  It can go up and down a rough mountain side.

[Illustration:  Chamois.]

In the summer the chamois feeds on herbs and flowers.  In winter it eats the shoots and buds of pine trees.  It is very fond of salt.  There is a kind of stone in the mountains that is partly made of salt.  The chamois licks these stones to get the salt.

The chamois feed together in herds of fifteen or twenty.  One of them is always on the watch to give notice if anybody comes to hunt them.  When it sees any one coming, it stamps on the ground with its fore feet and makes a sharp cry.  Then all start off.  They leap from crag to crag till they are far out of danger.

The skin of the chamois is very soft.  It is made into a fine, soft leather.  This leather is called shammy leather.  Have you ever seen a piece of shammy leather?  The flesh of the chamois is very good to eat.

The people in Switzerland use a great deal of milk and butter and cheese for their food.  They also have potatoes and bread and fruit.  They eat very little meat.

The Swiss houses are made of wood.  Stones are often put on the roofs.  The stones keep the shingles from being torn off by the wind.  The Swiss are very neat and clean.  On every window sill there are flowerpots, for the Swiss are very fond of flowers.

[Illustration:  A Swiss House.]

In every village in Switzerland there is a school.  The Swiss have very good schools.  The boys and girls must go to school when they are six years old.  They learn all that we learn in our schools.  There are also schools where the boys are taught trades.  The boys and girls go to school only eight months in the year.  So they have four months’ vacation.

After school, the boys help to take care of the sheep and goats and cattle.  The girls help about the housework.  All find plenty to do.