+-----------+-----------+-----------------+
|  Period.  |  Germany. | United Kingdom. |
+-----------+-----------+-----------------+
| 1877-1881 |    112    |       140       |
| 1882-1886 |    101    |       125       |
| 1887-1891 |    103    |       106       |
| 1892-1896 |     99    |        98       |
| 1897-1901 |    100    |       100       |
+-----------+-----------+-----------------+

Thus the fall in the cost of living of a British working man’s family has been 40 points, while that of the German working man shows a decline of only 12 points.  It is, on the whole, surprising that there has not been more difference between the two countries[84].

[Footnote 84:  In a recent work, England and the English (London, 1904), Dr. Carl Peters says:  “Considering that wages in England average 20 per cent higher in England than in Germany, that the week has only 54 working hours, and that all articles of food are cheaper, the fundamental conditions of prosperous home-life are all round more favourable in England than in Germany.  And yet he [the British working-man] does not derive greater comfort from them, for the simple reason that a German labourer’s wife is more economical and more industrious than the English wife.”] Before dealing with the new social problems that resulted, at least in part, from the new duties on food, we may point out that Bismarck and his successors at the German Chancellory have used the new tariff as a means of extorting better terms from the surrounding countries.  The Iron Chancellor has always acted on the diplomatic principle do ut des—­“I give that you may give”—­with its still more cynical corollary—­“Those who have nothing to give will get nothing.”  The new German tariff on agricultural products was stiffly applied against Austria for many years, to compel her to grant more favourable terms to German manufactured goods.  For eleven years Austria-Hungary maintained their protective barriers; but in 1891 German persistence was rewarded in the form of a treaty by which the Dual Monarchy let in German goods on easier terms provided that the corn duties of the northern Power were relaxed.  The fiscal strife with Russia was keener and longer, but had the same result (1894).  Of a friendlier kind were the negotiations with Italy, Belgium, and Switzerland, which led to treaties with those States in 1891.  It is needless to say that in each of these cases the lowering of the corn duties was sharply resisted by the German agrarians.  We may here add that the Anglo-German commercial treaty which expired in 1903 has been extended for two years; and that Germany’s other commercial treaties were at the same time continued.