The substance, or rather the support and basis, of hope, the guarantee of it.  That which connects, or, rather than connects, subordinates, faith to hope.  And in fact we do not hope because we believe, but rather we believe because we hope.  It is hope in God, it is the ardent longing that there may be a God who guarantees the eternity of consciousness, that leads us to believe in Him.

But faith, which after all is something compound, comprising a cognitive, logical, or rational element together with an affective, biotic, sentimental, and strictly irrational element, is presented to us under the form of knowledge.  And hence the insuperable difficulty of separating it from some dogma or other.  Pure faith, free from dogmas, about which I wrote a great deal years ago, is a phantasm.  Neither is the difficulty overcome by inventing the theory of faith in faith itself.  Faith needs a matter to work upon.

Believing is a form of knowing, even if it be no more than a knowing and even a formulating of our vital longing.  In ordinary language the term “believing,” however, is used in a double and even a contradictory sense.  It may express, on the one hand, the highest degree of the mind’s conviction of the truth of a thing, and, on the other hand, it may imply merely a weak and hesitating persuasion of its truth.  For if in one sense believing expresses the firmest kind of assent we are capable of giving, the expression “I believe that it is so, although I am not sure of it,” is nevertheless common in ordinary speech.

And this agrees with what we have said above with respect to uncertainty as the basis of faith.  The most robust faith, in so far as it is distinguished from all other knowledge that is not pistic or of faith—­faithful, as we might say—­is based on uncertainty.  And this is because faith, the guarantee of things hoped for, is not so much rational adhesion to a theoretical principle as trust in a person who assures us of something.  Faith supposes an objective, personal element.  We do not so much believe something as believe someone who promises us or assures us of this or the other thing.  We believe in a person and in God in so far as He is a person and a personalization of the Universe.

This personal or religious element in faith is evident.  Faith, it is said, is in itself neither theoretical knowledge nor rational adhesion to a truth, nor yet is its essence sufficiently explained by defining it as trust in God.  Seeberg says of faith that it is “the inward submission to the spiritual authority of God, immediate obedience.  And in so far as this obedience is the means of attaining a rational principle, faith is a personal conviction."[44]