of the old institutions.  They restored the Signory and the Gonfalonier, elected for intervals of two months by officers appointed for this purpose by the Medici.  Florence had the show of a free government.  But the Medici managed all things; and soldiers, commanded by their creature, Paolo Vettori, held the Palace and the Public Square.  The tyranny thus established was less secure, inasmuch as it openly rested upon violence, than Lorenzo’s power had been; nor were there signs wanting that the burghers could ill brook their servitude.  The conspiracy of Pietro Paolo Boscoli and Agostino Capponi proved that the Medicean brothers ran daily risk of life.  Indeed, it is not likely that they would have succeeded in maintaining their authority—­for they were poor and ill-supported by friends outside the city—­except for one most lucky circumstance:  that was the election of Giovanni de’ Medici to the Papacy in 1513.

The creation of Leo X. spread satisfaction throughout Italy.  Politicians trusted that he would display some portion of his father’s ability, and restore peace to the nation.  Men of arts and letters expected everything from a Medicean Pope, who had already acquired the reputation of polite culture and open-handed generosity.  They at any rate were not deceived.  Leo’s first words on taking his place in the Vatican were addressed to his brother Giuliano:  ’Let us enjoy the Papacy, now that God has given it to us;’ and his notion of enjoyment was to surround himself with court-poets, jesters, and musicians, to adorn his Roman palaces with frescoes, to collect statues and inscriptions, to listen to Latin speeches, and to pass judgment upon scholarly compositions.  Any one and every one who gave him sensual or intellectual pleasure, found his purse always open.  He lived in the utmost magnificence, and made Rome the Paris of the Renaissance for brilliance, immorality, and self-indulgent ease.  The politicians had less reason to be satisfied.  Instead of uniting the Italians and keeping the great Powers of Europe in check, Leo carried on a series of disastrous petty wars, chiefly with the purpose of establishing the Medici as princes.  He squandered the revenues of the Church, and left enormous debts behind him—­an exchequer ruined and a foreign policy so confused that peace for Italy could only be obtained by servitude.

Florence shared in the general rejoicing which greeted Leo’s accession to the Papacy.  He was the first Florentine citizen who had received the tiara, and the popular vanity was flattered by this honour to the republic.  Political theorists, meanwhile, began to speculate what greatness Florence, in combination with Rome, might rise to.  The Pope was young; he ruled a large territory, reduced to order by his warlike predecessors.  It seemed as though the republic, swayed by him, might make herself the first city in Italy, and restore the glories of her Guelf ascendency upon the platform of Renaissance statecraft.