unknown, 5,069 ill, 3,147 criminal causes, 2,477 absentees, family reasons or crime.) Evasions in 1917:  convicted, 234; suspected, 1,582.  There are two conscription insurance companies with policies issued for 69 million yen.  In one place charms against being conscripted are sold—­at a shrine.  Desertions in 1916 (7 per cent, officers) 956, of which 258 received more than “light punishment.”  The conscripts suffering from trachoma were 15.3 per cent. and from venereal diseases 2.2 per cent.  Heights (1918):  under 5 shaku, 10.95 per cent.; 5-5.3 shaku, 53.34 per cent.; 5.3-5.5 shaku, 33.13 per cent.; above 5.5 shaku, 2.58 per cent.  In these four classes there was a decrease in height in the first two of .39 per cent. and .57 per cent. respectively and an increase in the second two of .80 per cent. and 15 per cent. respectively.

HOKKAIDO HOLDINGS [LXIV].  There are only 28 holdings of more than 1,000 cho, 62 of over 500 cho, 161 over 100 cho and 80 over 50 cho.  These large holdings are used for cattle breeding alone.  There are no more than 620 holdings over 20 cho and only 6,756 over 10.  The number over 5 cho is 51,877, and over 2 cho 62,015.  Under the area of 2 cho there are as many as 40,928.  Few of the largest holdings are worked as single farms.  They are let in sections to tenants.

CLAUSES IN A TENANT’S CONTRACT [LXV]. (1) The tenant must make at least 1 cho of paddy every year. (2) Rent rice must be the best of the harvest, but the tenant may pay in money. (3) In the following cases the owner will give orders to the tenants:  (a) If tenants do not use enough manure, (b) If there is disease of plants or insect pests, (c) If the tenant neglects to mend the road or other necessary work is neglected. (4) The owner will dismiss a tenant:  (a) If the tenant does not pay his rent without reason, (b) If the tenant is neglectful of his work or is idle, (c) If the tenant is not obedient to the owner and does not keep this contract faithfully. (d) If the tenant is punished by the law. (5) When tenants leave without permission of absence more than twenty days the owner can treat as he will crops or buildings. (6) In the following cases the tenant must provide two labourers to the owner:  mending road, drainage canal or bridges; mending water gate and irrigation canal; when necessary public works must be undertaken.

CULTIVATED AREA AND LIVESTOCK [LXVI].  The area of cultivated land in Japan (counting paddy and arable) was, in 1919, 15,179,721 acres (6,071,888 cho).  The number of animals kept for tillage purposes was 1,199,970 horses and 1,036,020 homed cattle.  The total number of horses in the country was only 1,510,626 and of horned cattle, excluding 207,891 returned as “calving” and 12,761 as “deaths,” 1,307,120.  Sheep, 4,546; goats, 91,777; swine, 398,155.  The number of horned cattle slaughtered in the year was 226,108.  Some 86,800 horses were also slaughtered.  In Great Britain (arable, pasture and grazing area, 63 million acres) there were, in 1919, 11 million cattle, 25 million sheep, 3 million pigs and 1-3/4 million horses.