no porcelain fitting.  Manure is so valuable in Japan that farmers whose land adjoins the road often build a benjo for the use of passers-by.  Although the traveller in Japan has much to endure from the unpleasant odour due to the thrifty utilisation of excreta, the Japanese deserve credit for the fact that their countryside is never fouled in the disgusting fashion which proves many of our rural folk to be behind the primitive standard of civilisation set up in Deuteronomy (chap, xxiii. 13).  The Western rural sociologist is not inclined to criticise the sanitary methods of Japan.  He is too conscious of the neglect in the West to study thoroughly the grave question of sewage disposal in relation to the needs of our crops and the cost of nitrogenous fertilisers.  See also Appendix XX.

AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS [V].  In Mr. Yamasaki’s school there was dormitory accommodation for 200 youths, some 40 lived in teachers’ houses, another 15 were in lodgings, and 45 came daily from their parents’ homes.  Lads were admitted from 14 to 16 and the course was for 3 years.  The students worked 30 hours weekly indoors and the rest of their time outside.  Upper and lower grade agricultural schools number 280 with 23,000 students.  In addition there are 7,908 agricultural continuation schools with more than 430,000 pupils.  The ratio of illiteracy in Japan for men of conscription age (that is, excluding old people and young people), which had been over 5 per cent. up to 1911, was reported to be only 2 per cent. in 1917.

CRIME [VI].  In 1916 the chief offences in Japan were: 

Dealt with at police station 445,502
Gambling and lotteries 81,649
Larceny 81,063
Fraud and usurpation 49,772
Assaults 19,022
Robbery 10,383
Arson 9,533
Accidental assaults 3,277
Obscenity 2,796
Wilful injury 2,032
Murder 1,886
Abortion 1,252
Abduction 907
Rioting 813
Official disgrace 481
Military and naval 387
Desertion 315
Forgery 307
Coining 206

PROSTITUTES [VII].  The chief of police was good enough to let me have a copy of the form to be filled up by girls desiring to enter the houses in the prefecture.  It is under nine heads:  1.  The reason for adopting the profession. 2.  Age. 3.  Permission of head of household.  If permission is not forthcoming, reason why. 4.  If a minor, proof of permission. 5.  House at which the girl is going to “work.” 6.  Home address. 7.  Former means of getting a living. 8.  Whether prostitute before.  If so, particulars. 9.  Other details.

When I was in Japan there were reputed to be about 50,000 joro (prostitutes), about half that number of geisha and about 35,000 “waitresses.”