than can be inferred from place-names alone.  In the case of early settlements these will generally represent fairly well the extent of settlement.  But where they have taken place comparatively late, or where they have been of a more peaceful nature, the number of new names of places that result from them may not at all indicate their extent.  The Scandinavians that settled in Southern Scotland probably at no time exceeded in number the native population.  The place-names would then for the most part remain unchanged.  The loanwords found in Southern Scotch and the names of places resemble those of Northwestern England.  The same Northern race that located in Cumberland and Westmoreland also located in Scotland.  It is probable, as Worsaae believed, that it is a second migration, chiefly from Cumberland.  Dumfriesshire, at any rate, may have been settled in this way.  The settlers of Kircudbright and Wigtown were probably largely from the Isles on the west.  Other independent settlements were made in Lothian and the region about the Forth.  That these are all later than those of Cumberland and Westmoreland is probable.  According to what has been said above, the settlements in Dumfries, which seem to have been the earliest, could not have taken place before about the second quarter of the 10th Century, and probably were made later.  The other settlements in Southern Scotland may extend even into the 11th Century.  The name Dingwall (O.N. Ethingvoellr) in Dumfries, the place where the laws were announced annually, indicates a rather extensive settlement in Dumfries, and the dialect of Dumfries is also characterized by a larger number of Scandinavian elements than the rest of the Southern counties.

  4.  SETTLEMENTS IN ENGLAND, NORSE OR DANISH?  THE PLACE-NAME TEST.

That the Danes were more numerous than the Norsemen in Central and Eastern England from Northumberland down to the Thames there can be no doubt.  The distinctive Norse names fell, tarn and force do not occur at all, while thorpe and toft, which are as distinctively Danish, are confined almost exclusively to this section.  In Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, Westmoreland and Lancashire thorpe is comparatively rare, while toft is not found at all.  On the other hand, fell, dale, force, haugh, and tarn (O.N. fjall, dalr, foss and fors, haugr, tjoern) occur in large numbers in Northwestern England. Beck may be either Danish or Norse, occurs, however, chiefly in the North. Thwaite Worsaae regarded as Danish “because it occurs generally along with the Danish by.”  We find, however, that this is not exactly the case.  In Lincolnshire there are 212 by’s, in Leicestershire 66, in Northampton 26; thwaite does not occur at all.  In Yorkshire there are 167 names in by and only 8 in thwaite, and 6 of these are in West Riding.  It is only