love, in the ordinary sense, ought never to have been called in question.  “Love is not love” when it asks for a reward.  Nor is the love of man to God any exception.  He who tries to be holy in order to be happy will assuredly be neither.  In the words of the Theologia Germanica, “So long as a man seeketh his own highest good because it is his, he will never find it.”  The mystics here are unanimous, though some, like St. Bernard, doubt whether perfect love of God can ever be attained, pure and without alloy, while we are in this life.[12] The controversy between Fenelon and Bossuet on this subject is well known, and few will deny that Fenelon was mainly in the right.  Certainly he had an easy task in justifying his statements from the writings of the saints.  But we need not trouble ourselves with the “mystic paradox,” that it would be better to be with Christ in hell than without Him in heaven—­a statement which Thomas a Kempis once wrote and then erased in his manuscript.  For wherever Christ is, there is heaven:  nor should we regard eternal happiness as anything distinct from “a true conjunction of the mind with God.[13]” “God is not without or above law:  He could not make men either sinful or miserable.[14]” To believe otherwise is to suppose an irrational universe, the one thing which a rational man cannot believe in.

The mystic, as we have seen, makes it his life’s aim to be transformed into the likeness of Him in whose image he was created.[15] He loves to figure his path as a ladder reaching from earth to heaven, which must be climbed step by step.  This scala perfectionis is generally divided into three stages.  The first is called the purgative life, the second the illuminative, while the third, which is really the goal rather than a part of the journey, is called the unitive life, or state of perfect contemplation.[16] We find, as we should expect, some differences in the classification, but this tripartite scheme is generally accepted.

The steps of the upward path constitute the ethical system, the rule of life, of the mystics.  The first stage, the purgative life, we read in the Theologia Germanica, is brought about by contrition, by confession, by hearty amendment; and this is the usual language in treatises intended for monks.  But it is really intended to include the civic and social virtues in this stage.[17] They occupy the lowest place, it is true; but this only means that they must be acquired by all, though all are not called to the higher flights of contemplation.  Their chief value, according to Plotinus, is to teach us the meaning of order and limitation ([Greek:  taxis] and [Greek:  peras]), which are qualities belonging to the Divine nature.  This is a very valuable thought, for it contradicts that aberration of Mysticism which calls God the Infinite, and thinks of Him as the Indefinite, dissolving all distinctions in the abyss of bare indetermination.  When Ewald says, “the true mystic never withdraws himself wilfully from the business of life, no, not even from the smallest business,” he is, at any rate, saying nothing which conflicts with the principles of Mysticism.[18]