was any sudden rising of Teutons against dominant Celts; more probably the former grew gradually stronger as the latter grew gradually weaker, until the forces were equalized.  We find the Cimbri and Teutones allied on equal terms against Rome.  According to an old Welsh history, the Brut Tyssilio, there were Anglo-Saxons in Britain before Caesar’s invasion; invited there by the Celts, and living in peace under the Celtic kings.  To quote the Brut Tyssilio a short time ago would have been to ensure being scoffed at on all sides; but recently professor Flinders Petrie has vindicated it as against both the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Caesar himself.  English Teutonic was first spoken in Britain probably, some two or three centuries B.C.; and it survived there, probably, in remote places, through the whole of the Roman occupation; then, under the influence of the rising star of the Teutons, and reinforced by new incursions from the Continent, finally extinguished the Latin of the roman province, and drove Celtic into the west.

But go back from those first centuries B.C. and you come at last to a time when the Celtic star was right at the zenith, the Teutonic very low.  Free Teutons you should hardly have found except in Scandinavia; probably only in southern Sweden:  for further north, and in most of Norway, you soon came to ice and the Lapps and terra incognita. And even Sweden may have been under Celtic influence—­for the Celtic words survive there —­but hardly so as to affect racial individuality; just as Wales and Ireland are under English rule now, yet retain their Celtic individuality.

And then go back a few more thousand years again, and you would probably find the case again reversed; and Teutons lording it over Celts, and our present conditions restored.  It is by suffering these poles of experience, now pride and domination, now humiliation and adversity, that the races of mankind learn.  Europe is not a new sort of continent.  Man, says one of the Teachers, has been much what he is any time these million years.  History has been much what it is now, ebbing and flowing.  Knowledge, geographical and other, has receded, and again expanded.  Europe has been the seat of empires and civilizations, all Europe, probably, for not so far short of a million years; there has been plenty of time for it to multiply terrible karma—­ which takes the occasion to expend itself sometimes—­as now.  I mistrust the theory of recent Aryan in-pourings from Asia.  The Huns came in when the Chinese drove them; and the Turks and Mongols have come in since; but there is nothing to show that the Slavs, for example, when they first appear in history, had come in from beyond the Urals and the Caspian.  Slavs and Greco-Latins, Teutons and Celts, I think they were probably in Europe any time these many hundreds of thousands of years.